Critically analyse the factors (including Talent Identification and Essay

Critically analyse the factors (including Talent Identification and Development) that have been responsible for sporting excellence and the radical turnaround in team GBs Olympic success - Essay Example There has been a corresponding improvement in number and value of medals received by the team as well over the last 15 years. According to (Green and Oakley 2001a), team GB participates in all games arranging from athletics, cycling, boxing, badminton, diving, golf, hockey among others. There is a good team planning and management in team GB. This is achieved through proper identification, confirmation ad development of talents in members of the various teams. In talent identification, players go through proper screening. This is done by their various team coaches with the aim of identifying the specific talents for each of their team members (Bompa 1985). In order to achieve this, the coaches apply various talent identification methods especially scientific and natural methods. According to Balyi (2002), the use of scientific selection method which is based on talent level and physical attributes reduces the time required for the player to attain high level performance. The purpose of talent identification is to ensure that team members are appropriately placed in the type of race they will perform excellently as in the case of athletes or game position for example in football. For games that require either singles or double for example badminton, the coach will know which player will play excellently in singles. After the talent has been identified, the coach has to confirm it again. This involves extended assessment of the identified talent so as to verify the talent characteristics. It also includes the talent’s trainability, coachability and adaptability to an environment of high performance. This gives the individual a chance to get a deeper understanding of high performance sport. What follows talent confirmation is talent development. In this stage, players are maintained in a specialized environment that will facilitate their progress

Importance of Costs in Pricing Strategy

Importance of Costs in Pricing Strategy Price of a product is a major element of the marketing mix. Pricing is one of the most important strategic issue because it is related to the product positioning. The price goes in hand with the other marketing mix elements such as product promotion, channel decisions and its features. For a developing the pricing of a new product, there can be a general sequence of steps that can be followed by the organisation which may vary from other organisations. The main area of focus will however be same for all the organisations. The different steps can be as follows. Develop marketing strategy perform marketing analysis, segmentation, targeting, and positioning. Make marketing mix decisions define the product, distribution, and promotional tactics. Estimate the demand curve understand how quantity demanded varies with price. Calculate cost include fixed and variable costs associated with the product. Understand environmental factors evaluate likely competitor actions, understand legal constraints, etc. Set pricing objectives for example, profit maximization, revenue maximization, or price stabilization. Determine pricing using information collected in the above steps, select a pricing method, develop the pricing structure, and define discounts. The various pricing strategies for products include, competition based pricing, cost-plus pricing, creaming or skimming, limit pricing, loss leader, market oriented pricing, penetration pricing, price discrimination, premium pricing, predatory pricing, contribution margin based pricing, psychological pricing, dynamic pricing, price leadership, target pricing, absorption pricing, high-low pricing, premium decoy pricing, marginal cost pricing, value based pricing. For each and every pricing strategies has its own reasons and market reach. At the end of the assignment, we can observe the various methodologies and techniques an organisation adopts in managing the finances using the pricing centric point of view. The factors that influence how a consumer perceives a given price and how price-sensitive a consumer is likely to be with respect to different purchase decisions[1] Reference Price Effect Buyers price sensitivity for a given product increases the higher the products price relative to perceived alternatives. Perceived alternatives can vary by buyer segment, by occasion, and other factors. Difficult Comparison Effect Buyers are less sensitive to the price of a known / more reputable product when they have difficulty comparing it to potential alternatives. Switching Costs Effect The higher the product-specific investment a buyer must make to switch suppliers, the less price sensitive that buyer is when choosing between alternatives. Price-Quality Effect Buyers are less sensitive to price the more that higher prices signal higher quality. Products for which this effect is particularly relevant include: image products, exclusive products, and products with minimal cues for quality. Expenditure Effect Buyers are more price sensitive when the expense accounts for a large percentage of buyers available income or budget. End-Benefit Effect The effect refers to the relationship a given purchase has to a larger overall benefit, and is divided into two parts: Derived demand: The more sensitive buyers are to the price of the end benefit, the more sensitive they will be to the prices of those products that contribute to that benefit. Price proportion cost: The price proportion cost refers to the percent of the total cost of the end benefit accounted for by a given component that helps to produce the end benefit (e.g., think CPU and PCs). The smaller the given components share of the total cost of the end benefit, the less sensitive buyers will be to the components price. Shared-cost Effect The smaller the portion of the purchase price buyers must pay for themselves, the less price sensitive they will be. Fairness Effect Buyers are more sensitive to the price of a product when the price is outside the range they perceive as fair or reasonable given the purchase context. The Framing Effect Buyers are more price sensitive when they perceive the price as a loss rather than a forgone gain, and they have greater price sensitivity when the price is paid separately rather than as part of a bundle. The Activity-based costing (ABC) The Activity-based costing (ABC) is a type costing model that identifies activities in an organization which assigns the cost of each activity resource to all products and services according to the actual consumption by each. The main concept of this model is to assign more of the indirect costs into direct costs. Indirect costs are costs that are not directly accountable to a cost object, such as a particular function or product. Indirect costs may be either fixed or variable. Indirect costs include taxes, administration, personnel and security costs, and are also known as overhead, which is nothing but the cost incurred for operating any kind of business. So in this costing model an organisation can precisely estimate the cost of individual products and services so they can identify and eliminate those that are unprofitable and lower the prices of those that are overpriced. In a business organization, the ABC methodology assigns an organizations resource costs through activities to the products and services provided to its customers. It is generally used as a tool for understanding product and customer cost and profitability. As such, ABC has predominantly been used to support strategic decisions such as pricing, outsourcing, identification and measurement of process improvement initiatives. The different uses of the ABC model is as follows It helps to identify inefficient products, departments and activities It helps to allocate more resources on profitable products, departments and activities It helps to control the costs at an individual level and on a departmental level It helps to find unnecessary costs It helps fixing the price of a product or service scientifically Yes, the ABC model does has its limitations. Even in activity-based costing, some overhead costs are difficult to assign to products and customers, such as the chief executives salary. These costs are termed business sustaining and are not assigned to products and customers because there is no meaningful method. This lump of unallocated overhead costs must nevertheless be met by contributions from each of the products, but it is not as large as the overhead costs before ABC is employed. Although some may argue that costs untraceable to activities should be arbitrarily allocated to products, it is important to realize that the only purpose of ABC is to provide information to management. Therefore, there is no reason to assign any cost in an arbitrary manner. Be able to apply forecasting techniques to obtain information for decision making Apply forecasting techniques to make cost and revenue decisions in an organisation Assess the sources of funds available to an organisation for a specific project Be able to participate in the budgetary process of an organisation Select appropriate budgetary targets for an organisation Participate in the creation of a master budget for an organisation Compare actual expenditure and income to the master budget of an organisation Evaluate budgetary monitoring processes in an organisation Be able to recommend cost reduction and management processes for an organisation Recommend processes that could manage cost reduction in an organisation Evaluate the potential for the use of activity-based costing Be able to use financial appraisal techniques to make strategic investment decisions for an organisation Apply financial appraisal methods to analyse competing investment projects in the public and private sector Make an justified strategic investment decision for an organisation using relevant financial information Report on the appropriateness of a strategic investment decision using information from a post-audit appraisal Be able to interpret financial statements for planning and decision making Analyse financial statements to assess the financial viability of an organisation Apply financial ratios to improve the quality of financial information in an organisations financial statements Make recommendations on the strategic portfolio of an organisation based on its financial information

Power Markets and Electricity Derivatives :: essays research papers

Since the early ‘90s, the electrical energy sector has undergone profound and dramatic changes. More and more countries moved towards the deregulation of their energy sectors, from a regulated and monopolistic industry to one were the market forces of supply and demand determine the unit price of electricity. The first case of energy sector deregulation in Europe was recorded when the United Kingdom with the Electricity Act of 1990 created the Electricity Pool for England and Wales. Norway soon followed suit (Norwegian Energy Act of 1991) and set up the Norwegian Pool in 1993, which eventually became the Nord Pool in 1996. At the same year, the European Union issued its Electricity Directive (Directive 96/92/EC) according to which the electricity markets of all EU countries should be open for competition by 2003, with the exceptions of Greece and Ireland which were granted a one year extension [13]. Deregulating a country’s energy sector is a complicated and difficult task. The typical power utility operation is divided into three main functions: electricity generation, its transmission over the power grid and finally the distribution to the end users. Deregulation stipulates that all three functions should be open to competition. In particular, new and existing power generation utilities/companies (GenComs) should be able to compete with each other at a wholesale level. For this to be possible though, the access to the power grid should be offered with the same terms to all players. The only way to avoid any bias or conflict of interest is hence to ensure that the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity are either run by different companies or under different management (unbundling). Furthermore, the electricity distribution sector may also be segmented for different geographical areas, (DisComs). The actual trading of electricity, either the physical as set itself or financial products on it, is organized and takes place in a formal power exchange, or Pool [13]. The passage from a regulated to a deregulated power industry is seen in Figures 1 and 2. Deregulation of the energy sector is all the more challenging due to the particular characteristics of electricity that differentiate it from other traded commodities; namely limited storability and transportability. Electrical energy cannot be stored after it has been produced, except in the case of hydroplants where electricity is notionally stored indirectly in the form of the water kept in the reservoirs. Even in this case though, high demand can be satisfied for a limited time only, while the use of larger in size and/or number reservoirs is either unfeasible or uneconomical.

Compare/Contrast essay on Republicans and Democrats Essay

Anti-slavery individuals who believed that the government should grant western lands to settlers free of charge founded the Republican Party in the 1850’s. The first official meeting was held on July 6, 1854 in Jackson, Michigan. The republicans became a national party in 1856. Abraham Lincoln was the first republican president. A few credits to the republican party include: the signing of the emancipation proclamation by President Lincoln, the 13th amendment which outlawed slavery, the 14th amendment which Guaranteed rights Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship, Due Process and Equal Protection, and the 15th amendment which gave all citizens the right to vote no matter what color, race or indifference they might have. In 1917, a Republican from Montana named Jeanette Rankin was the first woman elected to congress. The basic principles of the Republican Party are: all people are entitled to equal rights, individuals, not government, and decisions are best make close to home. The elephant is the symbol of the Republican Party. It was by a cartoonist for Harper’s Weekly named Thomas Nast. Many significant Republican presidents served our nation with great leadership and integrity these include Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses Grant, Herbert Hoover and Dwight D. Eisenhower. Between those men we ended slavery, war and depression to bring our country into a great civilization where every man, woman and child is free to achieve the hopes and dreams as they please. In 1792, Thomas Jefferson founded the Democratic Party. It was formed as a congressional caucus to fight for the Bill of Rights and against the Federalist Party. Thomas Jefferson was the first democratic President elected to office. There is a lot to be said about the past leaders of the Democratic Party, the first word that comes to my mind is dreamers. There were great strides taken for our country when democrats were in office. Roosevelt ended the depression, brought water to California and saved many of countless farms in the Midwest. Truman integrated the military and helped to reconstruct Europe by establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. And in the 1960’s President Kennedy created the Peace Corps,  banned atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons and spoke these famous words whose echo still resonates in the ears of many Americans â€Å"ask not what your country can do for you–ask what you can do for your country.† And finally, President Clinton who reduced unemployment, lowered the crime rate and reduced the national debt significantly. The former Chairman of the Democratic party Ron Brown once said,† The common thread of Democratic history, from Thomas Jefferson to Bill Clinton, has been an abiding faith in the judgment of hardworking American families, and a commitment to helping the excluded, the disenfranchised and the poor strengthen our nation by earning themselves a piece of the American Dream. We remember that this great land was sculpted by immigrants and slaves, their children and grandchildren.† In my opinion, no truer words have ever been spoken about the principles of the Democratic Party. There are many differences between republicans and democrats. Republicans are known as the conservatives and democrats are known as the progressives or liberals. Democrats believe that tax cuts should go to working families to increase their purchasing power, which in turn increases the economy. Republicans believe that tax cuts should go to the wealthy so they can invest more. Through all the studying and research, that I did there is one sentence that sums up everything â€Å"democrats are for the working man and republicans are for the businessman†. Since doing this essay, it has enlightened me on the vast differences between each party. I did not know a lot of the information that I read about and I enjoyed it immensely. I have a newfound respect for each of the parties. It took a lot of hard work and ingenuity to break from England and start this great country of ours, and it takes a lot more to keep it going year-by-year and decade by decade. I am very proud to be an American and can only hope to do half of what our Founding Fathers have done for us. Reference Page Langan, John. College Writing Skills. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hardin, Richard. â€Å"Difference between Democrat and Republican Parties.† 20 Aug.2008 http://www.rahardin.com/DemocratRepublican.htm.

Breaking All the Rules

In How To Succeed In Business By Breaking All The Rules it states that to succeed in business one must be able to use an unorthodox style which allows that person to break free from ancient ways of thinking and be able to use new ideas in developing entrepreneurial and business skills. One way this will be proven is to look at how positive thinking and motivation hamper people in making tough business decisions. Secondly, this will be proven by examining the education system, and showing that one does not always need a university education to perform in a business environment. Thirdly, this will be proven by looking at the behavioral aspects of an entrepreneur, and how an entrepreneur's thinking pattern is quite unique compared to the average person. Finally, this will be proven by looking at the illusions of management and how managers have to adapt if they want to see results. â€Å"Forget just about everything you were told about positive thinking and motivation. † Positive thinking and motivation can encumber persons in business if not executed properly. People assume that by being positive they are in turn motivating people to work hard and complete tasks without impeding their space. This is not entirely true. There is a joke that many motivational speakers tell, as an illustration of positive thinking: â€Å"A guy has tripped and fallen off the roof of a thirty-story building. He is falling toward certain death. Some one yells out the fifteenth-story window, ‘how are you doing? ‘ And the falling fellow hollers back, ‘Okay so far! ‘† This joke is not an accurate representation of positive thinking. It illustrates stupidity. This joke has taken positive thinking way out of proportion. It is okay to be positive when approaching tough situations, but a constant bombarding of motivational thoughts may in turn impede the situation overall. People are taught from the start that there are no bad ideas, and in-turn people who criticize these bad ideas are looked upon as â€Å"negative thinkers† . Cynicism can actually be a healthy practice. By seeking out and eliminating bad ideas right from the get-go, the business or corporation is able appropriately deal with the problem and in a sense â€Å"nip it in the bud†. A person can think positive all that they want, but they are still going to spill coffee on their new tie. By over-motivating a person, the same effect can happen. A person has to want to be motivated for it to work properly. â€Å"The Old Testament† of motivation states that any person can do any thing as long as they are motivated to do so. This is not entirely true. In order for a person to be motivated they must believe the idea. Sounds like an oxy-moron, but a person needs to be inspired before motivation can take place. For instance, a person needs to want a post secondary education before they can be motivated to do so. A person does not necessarily need a university education to succeed in business. There is not really anything wrong with a university education as long as the person attending understands what it is and what it is not. For some careers a university education is essential. For instance, people do not look kindly to a self-taught brain surgeon. The problem is that a university education only offers you theoretical situations instead of practical life situations that can only be achieved through experiencing life. People tend to worry that without at least a degree in a particular field, they are unable to start their own lucrative business, and have the consumers take them seriously. Often people believe that without the proper credentials, it is impossible for their business to ever get off the ground. This is not true. There are many examples of companies that were started by supposedly â€Å"uneducated† people, who have turned their respective businesses into multi-million dollar corporations. For instance, Dave Thomas, founder and owner of the Wendy's Corporation. With nothing better than a grade 10 education Thomas took his first Wendy's that opened in 1969, and turned it into over 4000 locations across North America. Thomas was credited with hard work and life skills that helped him in his venture. From working as a busboy in a small town diner, to cooking for thousands as a chief in the army, Thomas learned the skills needed to create a lucrative business without any formal education. There are thousands of examples of entrepreneurs with no formal education that have made it in the business world. The most important thing to understand is that a business can only go as far as the people are willing to take them. Meaning that if you want to be successful you can encourage your self to take it to the next level without formal education. If you have a formal education, by all means make the most of it. But never use lack of formal education as an excuse and never let yourself feel inferior to those with better formal educations. There is abundant proof that you can reach just about any heights in business without college or even high school education if you will do the things necessary to otherwise obtain the information and master the skills specifically relevant to your objectives. Entrepreneurs are not always the best educated, but share a thinking pattern unlike those of regular people and are able to take any business with a solid foundation and turn it in to a productive money-making machine. In order to be a successful entrepreneur, one must be able to go against the grain of normal business practice and be able to perform at a pace where they leave the competition in the dust with no remorse. The old saying: â€Å"there are no rules when it comes to love and war† also applies to entrepreneurs in business. An entrepreneur must be able show no compassion towards anybody in order to get the job done. It sounds cruel, but some of the most successful people in business today have no remorse for their competition. For example, Mark McCormack the creator of International Management Group (an athlete management corporation) started off with little more than a $1000 and a hand shake, but developed his business into a multi-million dollar corporation by leaving his competition way behind. McCormack was able to do something that had never been attempted before. Many companies fail to place a premium on the real dollar worth of their expertise, or what it would cost an outsider to learn what they already know. McCormack was able to market his knowledge to companies that were unaware of what they really had inside. By showing them what they already new, but by changing the way that they marketed the product McCormack was able to, almost over night, turn a small company distributing out of a barn, into a power house in today's sports entertainment industry. McCormack did not accomplish such a feat by caring about the little guy. In most cases, entrepreneurs are able to set aside their morals and values and go in for the kill. Successful entrepreneurs have a different way of approaching tough business decisions than the average person. They do not look at the situation or problem as how it affects the other guy, but how it affects them. When making tough business decisions, an entrepreneur must ask if solution best suits him, or if it best suits morality? In order for the entrepreneur to succeed, the solution must best suit his needs and not the needs of the other guy. Unsuccessful entrepreneurs often find themselves debating on whether or not to charge customers most money the can for their product or service. They feel that by undercutting prices they are in-turn helping themselves to sleep better at night, but you cannot sleep if you cannot afford a place to sleep. In order to be self-sufficient, entrepreneurs must give up morales and values and be able to do what best suits them. The same is true for management in that if the want results from their workers then they must be able to adapt their style to best fit the interests at hand. There is a fairy tale about managers in business, especially big business: â€Å"that corporate leaders are conservative, rational, deliberate people who arrive at important decisions only after carefully weighing a wealth of data and information. † In most cases managers and corporate leaders rely on their staff to provide them with the information needed to make these tough business decisions. Mangers then are faced with the consequences if the result is less than â€Å"kosher. † As the old saying goes: â€Å"if you want something done right you have to do it yourself† applies when it comes to managing a top firm. In order for a manager to succeed, they must adapt their staff into a well-oiled machine that works for the most common goal. Managers have to set goals and limitations and make sure that their staff follow the guidelines appropriately for maximum production. Managers cannot baby their staff, as they cannot afford to lend the time in a high-speed industry or business. â€Å"If you can't take the heat, get out of the kitchen. † It is the managers responsibility to weed out those that are not able to perform with the rest of the unit, and in-turn hire people with the skills that best fit their own goals and ambitions. Managers also must be able to go on their own instincts and not always follow facts and figures alone. A good manager is able to assess the situation and then make a decision based on their gut reaction. With these tools a manger is able to â€Å"succeed in business by breaking all the rules. † Managers must use an unorthodox style which allows them to break free from ancient ways of thinking to develop new skills that will help them perform better in their respective businesses. By understanding that positive thinking and motivation can be taken out of context, one can be inspired to change the way that they approach tough business decisions. By also understanding that one does not necessarily need a university education to succeed in business, but by utilizing life experience they can relate business problems to real life situations, and can then solve the problem with their best interests in mind. Finally mangers and entrepreneurs must think of themselves first, and then, and only then, will they be able to successfully attack tough business decisions. Breaking All the Rules In How To Succeed In Business By Breaking All The Rules it states that to succeed in business one must be able to use an unorthodox style which allows that person to break free from ancient ways of thinking and be able to use new ideas in developing entrepreneurial and business skills. One way this will be proven is to look at how positive thinking and motivation hamper people in making tough business decisions. Secondly, this will be proven by examining the education system, and showing that one does not always need a university education to perform in a business environment. Thirdly, this will be proven by looking at the behavioral aspects of an entrepreneur, and how an entrepreneur's thinking pattern is quite unique compared to the average person. Finally, this will be proven by looking at the illusions of management and how managers have to adapt if they want to see results. â€Å"Forget just about everything you were told about positive thinking and motivation. † Positive thinking and motivation can encumber persons in business if not executed properly. People assume that by being positive they are in turn motivating people to work hard and complete tasks without impeding their space. This is not entirely true. There is a joke that many motivational speakers tell, as an illustration of positive thinking: â€Å"A guy has tripped and fallen off the roof of a thirty-story building. He is falling toward certain death. Some one yells out the fifteenth-story window, ‘how are you doing? ‘ And the falling fellow hollers back, ‘Okay so far! ‘† This joke is not an accurate representation of positive thinking. It illustrates stupidity. This joke has taken positive thinking way out of proportion. It is okay to be positive when approaching tough situations, but a constant bombarding of motivational thoughts may in turn impede the situation overall. People are taught from the start that there are no bad ideas, and in-turn people who criticize these bad ideas are looked upon as â€Å"negative thinkers† . Cynicism can actually be a healthy practice. By seeking out and eliminating bad ideas right from the get-go, the business or corporation is able appropriately deal with the problem and in a sense â€Å"nip it in the bud†. A person can think positive all that they want, but they are still going to spill coffee on their new tie. By over-motivating a person, the same effect can happen. A person has to want to be motivated for it to work properly. â€Å"The Old Testament† of motivation states that any person can do any thing as long as they are motivated to do so. This is not entirely true. In order for a person to be motivated they must believe the idea. Sounds like an oxy-moron, but a person needs to be inspired before motivation can take place. For instance, a person needs to want a post secondary education before they can be motivated to do so. A person does not necessarily need a university education to succeed in business. There is not really anything wrong with a university education as long as the person attending understands what it is and what it is not. For some careers a university education is essential. For instance, people do not look kindly to a self-taught brain surgeon. The problem is that a university education only offers you theoretical situations instead of practical life situations that can only be achieved through experiencing life. People tend to worry that without at least a degree in a particular field, they are unable to start their own lucrative business, and have the consumers take them seriously. Often people believe that without the proper credentials, it is impossible for their business to ever get off the ground. This is not true. There are many examples of companies that were started by supposedly â€Å"uneducated† people, who have turned their respective businesses into multi-million dollar corporations. For instance, Dave Thomas, founder and owner of the Wendy's Corporation. With nothing better than a grade 10 education Thomas took his first Wendy's that opened in 1969, and turned it into over 4000 locations across North America. Thomas was credited with hard work and life skills that helped him in his venture. From working as a busboy in a small town diner, to cooking for thousands as a chief in the army, Thomas learned the skills needed to create a lucrative business without any formal education. There are thousands of examples of entrepreneurs with no formal education that have made it in the business world. The most important thing to understand is that a business can only go as far as the people are willing to take them. Meaning that if you want to be successful you can encourage your self to take it to the next level without formal education. If you have a formal education, by all means make the most of it. But never use lack of formal education as an excuse and never let yourself feel inferior to those with better formal educations. There is abundant proof that you can reach just about any heights in business without college or even high school education if you will do the things necessary to otherwise obtain the information and master the skills specifically relevant to your objectives. Entrepreneurs are not always the best educated, but share a thinking pattern unlike those of regular people and are able to take any business with a solid foundation and turn it in to a productive money-making machine. In order to be a successful entrepreneur, one must be able to go against the grain of normal business practice and be able to perform at a pace where they leave the competition in the dust with no remorse. The old saying: â€Å"there are no rules when it comes to love and war† also applies to entrepreneurs in business. An entrepreneur must be able show no compassion towards anybody in order to get the job done. It sounds cruel, but some of the most successful people in business today have no remorse for their competition. For example, Mark McCormack the creator of International Management Group (an athlete management corporation) started off with little more than a $1000 and a hand shake, but developed his business into a multi-million dollar corporation by leaving his competition way behind. McCormack was able to do something that had never been attempted before. Many companies fail to place a premium on the real dollar worth of their expertise, or what it would cost an outsider to learn what they already know. McCormack was able to market his knowledge to companies that were unaware of what they really had inside. By showing them what they already new, but by changing the way that they marketed the product McCormack was able to, almost over night, turn a small company distributing out of a barn, into a power house in today's sports entertainment industry. McCormack did not accomplish such a feat by caring about the little guy. In most cases, entrepreneurs are able to set aside their morals and values and go in for the kill. Successful entrepreneurs have a different way of approaching tough business decisions than the average person. They do not look at the situation or problem as how it affects the other guy, but how it affects them. When making tough business decisions, an entrepreneur must ask if solution best suits him, or if it best suits morality? In order for the entrepreneur to succeed, the solution must best suit his needs and not the needs of the other guy. Unsuccessful entrepreneurs often find themselves debating on whether or not to charge customers most money the can for their product or service. They feel that by undercutting prices they are in-turn helping themselves to sleep better at night, but you cannot sleep if you cannot afford a place to sleep. In order to be self-sufficient, entrepreneurs must give up morales and values and be able to do what best suits them. The same is true for management in that if the want results from their workers then they must be able to adapt their style to best fit the interests at hand. There is a fairy tale about managers in business, especially big business: â€Å"that corporate leaders are conservative, rational, deliberate people who arrive at important decisions only after carefully weighing a wealth of data and information. † In most cases managers and corporate leaders rely on their staff to provide them with the information needed to make these tough business decisions. Mangers then are faced with the consequences if the result is less than â€Å"kosher. † As the old saying goes: â€Å"if you want something done right you have to do it yourself† applies when it comes to managing a top firm. In order for a manager to succeed, they must adapt their staff into a well-oiled machine that works for the most common goal. Managers have to set goals and limitations and make sure that their staff follow the guidelines appropriately for maximum production. Managers cannot baby their staff, as they cannot afford to lend the time in a high-speed industry or business. â€Å"If you can't take the heat, get out of the kitchen. † It is the managers responsibility to weed out those that are not able to perform with the rest of the unit, and in-turn hire people with the skills that best fit their own goals and ambitions. Managers also must be able to go on their own instincts and not always follow facts and figures alone. A good manager is able to assess the situation and then make a decision based on their gut reaction. With these tools a manger is able to â€Å"succeed in business by breaking all the rules. † Managers must use an unorthodox style which allows them to break free from ancient ways of thinking to develop new skills that will help them perform better in their respective businesses. By understanding that positive thinking and motivation can be taken out of context, one can be inspired to change the way that they approach tough business decisions. By also understanding that one does not necessarily need a university education to succeed in business, but by utilizing life experience they can relate business problems to real life situations, and can then solve the problem with their best interests in mind. Finally mangers and entrepreneurs must think of themselves first, and then, and only then, will they be able to successfully attack tough business decisions.

Osmosis essays

Osmosis essays Diffusion, Osmosis and Cell Membranes All living things have certain requirements they must satisfy in order to remain alive. These include exchanging gases (usually CO2 and O2), taking in water, minerals, and food, and eliminating wastes. These tasks ultimately occur at the cellular level, and require that molecules move through the membrane that surrounds the cell. This membrane is a complex structure that is responsible for separating the contents of the cell from its surroundings, for controlling the movement of materials into and out of the cell, and for interacting with the environment surrounding the cell. There are two ways that the molecules move through the membrane: passive transport and active transport. Active transport requires that the cell use energy that it has obtained from food to move the molecules (or larger particles) through the cell membrane. Passive transport does not require such an energy expenditure, and occurs spontaneously. The principle means of passive transport is diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region in which they are highly concentrated to a region in which they are less concentrated. It depends on the motion of the molecules and continues until the system in which the molecules are found reaches a state of equilibrium, which means that the molecules are randomly distributed throughout the system. An important concept in understanding diffusion is the concept of equilibrium. There are two types of equilibrium. Static equilibrium occurs when there is no action taking place. Dynamic equilibrium occurs when two opposing actions occur at the same rate. For example, consider a bucket full of water. It is in a state of static equilibrium because the water level stays the same. The water is not moving. If you were to poke a hole in the bottom of the bucket, water would leak out. This system would not be at equilibrium because there is action taking place - water is leaking...

To dismiss the Chartist movement as mere hunger politics is to underestimate the depth of its political support Essays

To dismiss the Chartist movement as mere hunger politics is to underestimate the depth of its political support Essays To dismiss the Chartist movement as mere hunger politics is to underestimate the depth of its political support Essay To dismiss the Chartist movement as mere hunger politics is to underestimate the depth of its political support Essay Essay Topic: A Hunger Artist * Chartism product of industrialisation. Problem was boom and slump nature of economy and temporary unemployment. This was one of issues that angered w/class about Poor Law Amendment Act 1834. In Manchester alone in 1837 there were estimated to have been 50,000 unemployed at some point and there were constant protests in Yorkshire re, this inconsistency of opportunity. * The man in charge of controlling the Midlands and North from a military sense had sympathy with the Chartists and reported to the government everywhere people are starving in the manufacturing districts. * Industrialisation brought with it the problem for many of mechanisation. Britain contained a rich heritage of craftsmanship and it was craftsmen that were badly hit. These including handloom weavers and more locally Black Country nail makers. Also hit badly were the workers in declining areas such as Wales and there can be little doubt that many of these were shocked by their loss of earnings after a lifetime of relative prosperity. * There is evidence that after the 1842 rejection, food shops were looted primarily and again this coincided with a virtual standstill in production in the north in several industries. Tellingly, trade and output revived massively by 1843 and Chartism membership declined quickly. Depth of political support * The aims are said to be the six points and this is possibly good evidence of a political agenda i.e. none of the points said we want regular bread supplies. Chartism is surmised well by Marjorie Bloy who wrote it represented the fundamental belief that economic exploitation and political subservience could be righted by parliamentary means. Hence, how can political depth and hunger politics be untangled? Some variations on the six points existed and these again demonstrate a desire for other things than bread: these included the Poor Law abolition, no tax on newspapers and 8 hours maximum within the factories. * The London Working Mens Association was founded by skilled and fully employed craftsmen. These included Lovett and Place who were not economically disadvantaged and the pledge of the Association was that men should be in possession of their political and social rights. * It may need considering that if the essay title states political support we ought to ask how much support the movement received from middle and upper classes. The answer is not a lot. The upper classes were in full political control and rejected the first petition 235 to 46 votes. Many middle class supporters left the movement after early violence (Attwood of the Birmingham BPU is a good case in point) and some Chartist leaders such as O Connor (whilst ironically being middle class himself) aggressively rebuked any offers of assistance from this social group. Their parallel support of the ACLL ensured success here. * Many had sympathy with the Chartists grievances but would have balked at suggestions that they should seize power. General Napier mentioned above was an apologist for the government but this does not mean that he gave the Chartists political support. Conclusion: Chartism was a political movement born of economic circumstances. The superficiality of its support is best illustrated by the fact that when the economic situation improved, membership declined rapidly. This support would not have declined so quickly if the political views were deeply felt.

Facts About the Longsnout or Slender Seahorse

Facts About the Longsnout or Slender Seahorse The longsnout seahorse (Hippocampus  reidi) is also known as the slender seahorse or  Brazilian seahorse. Description As you could guess, longsnout seahorses have a long snout. They have a slender body that can grow up to about 7 inches in length. On top of their head is a coronet that is low and convoluted. These seahorses may have brown and white dots over their skin, which is a variety of colors, including black, yellow, red-orange, or brown. They may also have a pale saddle coloration over their dorsal surface (back). Their skin stretches over bony rings visible on their body. They have 11 rings on their trunk and 31-39 rings on their tail. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ActinopterygiiOrder: GasterosteiformesFamily: SyngnathidaeGenus: HippocampusSpecies:  reidi Habitat and Distribution Longsnout seahorses are found in the western North Atlantic Ocean from North Carolina to Brazil. They are also found in the Caribbean Sea and Bermuda. They are found in relatively shallow water (0 to 180 feet) and are often attached to seagrasses, mangroves, and gorgonians or  among floating Sargassum, oysters, sponges, or man-made structures. Females are thought to range farther than males, possibly because males have a brood pouch which decreases their mobility. Feeding Longsnout seahorses eat small crustaceans, plankton, and plants using their long snout with a pipette-like motion  to suck in their food as it passes by. These animals feed during the day and rest at night by attaching to structures in the water such as mangroves or seagrasses. Reproduction Longsnout seahorses are sexually mature when they are about 3 inches long. Like other seahorses, they are ovoviviparous. This seahorse species mates for life. Seahorses have a dramatic courtship ritual in which the male may change color and inflate his pouch and the male and female perform  a dance around each other. Once courtship is complete, the female deposits her eggs in the males brood pouch, where they are fertilized.  There are up to 1,600 eggs that are about 1.2mm (.05 inches) in diameter. It takes about 2 weesk for the eggs to hatch, when seahorses about 5.14 mm (.2 inches) are born. These babies look like miniature versions of their parents. The lifespan of longsnout seahorses is thought to be 1-4 years. Conservation and Human Uses The global population of the species is listed as  near-threatened  on the  IUCN Red List  as of an October 2016 assessment. One threat to this seahorse is harvest for use in aquariums, as souveniers, as medicinal remedies, and for religious purposes. They also are caught as bycatch in shrimp fisheries in the U.S., Mexico, and Central America and are threatened by habitat degradation. The genus Hippocampus, which includes this species, was listed in CITES Appendix II, which prohibts export of seahorses from Mexico and increases permits or licenses required to export live or dried seahorses from Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Brazil, Costa Rica, and Guatamala. Sources Bester, C. Longsnout Seahorse. Florida Museum of Natural History.Lourie, S.A.,  Foster, S.J., Cooper, E.W.T. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2004. A Guide to the Identification of Seahorses. Project Seahorse and TRAFFIC North America. 114 pp.Lourie, S.A., A.C.J. Vincent and H.J. Hall, 1999. Seahorses: an identification guide to the worlds species and their conservation. Project Seahorse, London. 214 p.  via FishBase.Project Seahorse 2003.  Hippocampus reidi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2.

Claus Von Stauffenberg Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Claus Von Stauffenberg - Research Paper Example Claus von Stauffenberg was born in Jettingen, Germany on November 15, 1907. (Claus von Stauffenberg) His father was a religious man with a philosophic bent, an accomplished horseman, and a lover of poetry. (Jones) He was the third of the four sons his parent had. He was a bright student and was brought up under better living conditions because of his aristocratic family background. He and his brothers were brave peoples and they joined the German scout agency during their youthhood. At the age of nineteen, he became an officer cadet because of his smartness and abilities. His intelligence and smartness have made him a commissioned officer in 1930. He has trained specifically in using modern weapons and war equipment during this period. Although he has supported some of the policies of the Nazi regime and Hitler, many other policies of Nazis were indigestible to him. His strong moral backgrounds forced him to disagree with many of the Nazi policies. He has participated in most of the wars Germany conducted during this period. Conquest of Poland, 1939, Battle of France, 1940, Operation Barbarossa, 1941, the campaign against Russia in 1941, Tunisian operations, and 1942 were some of the major wars he has participated. Initially, Stauffenberg thought that some of these wars were justifiable for the interest of Germany as a country, the mass murder of Jews in 1942 by Nazi-led Germany forced him to think against Hitler and his regime more strongly. He has realized the hidden agenda Hitler had in killing Jews and expanding his power. He has realized that Hitler is becoming a strong threat not only to the Jews but even for the rest of the world as well. In the Tunisian operation, he has suffered severe injuries and lost one of his eyes and hands and almost met with death. He was forced to spend 3 months in hospital where the thought about dethroning Hitler and the Nazi regime first came into  his mind.

Art Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Art - Assignment Example This is just one detail that illustrates the more rugged lifestyle that he lives. His clothing also shows that he is not a well-dressed, civilized man of the eastern states, but instead wears leather and rough cloth as well as a beaten hat in a mixture of white man’s fashion with more Indian-style garb. He is not dressed for comfort or good looks, but rather for utility and difficult terrain and weather. The emotion in the picture has two polar ends. The rider is relaxed and wears an expression of serene dismay and his gaze is drawn to some object of concern. His horse, in contrast, is in a position of motion and exhaustion. The horse’s visible eye is bloodshot and wide-open, and also focused on something to the left that seems to be alarming. To add to the scenario, the rider clutches a rifle in his right hand. The overall idea seems to be that his life is a struggle, and that he lives dangerously. The painting is not so much detailed as blurred, and again suggests motion rather than stillness. Thus, Deas conveys an image of a man who lives on the go and is constantly looking over his shoulder while armed, representing the man of the Rocky Mountains and his daily

Advance project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advance project management - Essay Example There have been billion dollar resources, media infiltration in addition to celebrity supports, all in excess of what may possibly be illustrated as the effervescent water, by way of flavoring in addition to coloring. Nevertheless this list is not in excess of the product, however above the brand name. The reflection, the links, in addition to the standards that the brand corresponds to. As and when the customers tend to decide a well-known soft drink, they are not simply purchasing the element of refreshment, they are trading into the brand's individuality, in addition to what that brand signifies for. It was during the mid 0f 1990s that Diet Pepsi launched one of those refreshers within its artificial sweetener. In addition to that the market share set out up from an average 4.3 percent to an approximate 7 percent , towards the South of the boundary, Pepsi-Cola US was bundling up all their efforts , energy and creativeness up to inaugurate a new-fangled Diet Pepsi brand, Pepsi One. If Pepsi-Cola around the globe could not perk up the Diet Pepsi Cola business, they would have had to seize the costly stride of introducing Pepsi One. Coming face to face with this challenge, the Pepsi cola brand squad was stimulated to position a David in opposition to Goliath intention. This implied them to turn into the number one diet cola brand within the past few years. Not straightforward, at all. Pepsi Cola went ahead towards toiling to comprehend what may conceivably be giving life to the point of brand stagnation. While doing so, there had been more than a few viewpoints that were demystified. On the other hand, Pepsi-Cola around the globe has established a lot many times that they are capable of looking after their brands. Pepsi cola along with this had been assuming that Diet Pepsi, in addition to being a very well maintained as well as grown-up brand name, may perhaps position on its own grounds by way of its individual descriptions, looking all the more interesting to the more old-fashioned diet cola drinkers. Moreover, Pepsi cola had not been wrong in judging some major factions of the above expressions and statements. Whenever the consumers were requested to attribute brand distinctiveness to the Diet Pepsi, the customers resorted time and time again to expressions that explained Regular Pepsi. These similes had been weaseled to be able to be a focus for the youthful, open intellect Pepsi drinker moreover this was perceptibly quite attractive to the target market .at the same time as this was an acknowledgment to the efficiency of the customary Pepsi's advertising, it fashioned a genuine matter for Diet Pepsi (Vasconcellos, 2007, pg 218). There had been two foundations from which a relocated Diet Pepsi may perhaps resource the sales volume. The most significant was the Pepsi Transistioners, regular Pepsi drinkers on the verge of changing to a diet Pepsi cola. The additional was a subdivision of Diet Pepsi drinkers who felt less associated to the conventionality of the Diet carbonated drinks world. Pepsi put these objectives beneath the magnifying glass. Pepsi cola on the entirety of it had the demographic outline of consumers majorly in between the age of 20 to 40 year olds, although the consumers furthermore collectively were going through comparable modifications within their everyday lives. Despite the fact that Pepsi colas board acknowledged as well as established this growing, they in addition encompassed a common sense of failure. The

Impact of Technology on Society (Automobile) Essay

Impact of Technology on Society (Automobile) - Essay Example The automobile technology has had far reaching effects on the society. The advent of technology in the field of automobile has led to the design and production of high quality features of the automobiles used in the industry. The technological progress in the field of automobile has led to development in the cooling systems of engines, increased fuel efficiency of cars, advanced suspension and emission systems, increased horse-power, etc (Volti, 2004). The use of technologies has however, impacted the society by bringing about changes in the socio-economic lives of the people and also affecting the environmental conditions. Functions of society prior to use of technology The functions of the society prior to the invention and use of technology was primitive in nature. The people of the society were accustomed to undertake huge efforts in doing works like gathering of food, travelling from one place to another, sending messages for communication. The works of the society were done over longer period of time. The wooden chariots pulled by animals like horses, cows, buffaloes, etc. was used for moving from one place to another. The poorer sections of the society even had to walk long distances for the purpose of travelling from one place to another. There were several limitations in the modes of transport and long distance travel was done only cases of high need. The people of the society depended on the natural resources and the animals for maintaining their livelihood. The functions of the society before the use of technology was highly dependent on the natural and the natural resources were worshipped as Gods and Goddesses for securing their liveliho od. The functions of the society changed as they learnt to convert the natural resources into beneficial elements for their use that would help to lead to attain improvement in the style of livelihood. The invention of the wheel, motor, steam engine and mechanical engines gradually changes the function of the society as they could achieve their goals with much lesser efforts than before. Functions of the society after adoption of technology The functions of the society changed drastically with the adoption of technologies. The discovery and application of technology increased the efficiency of several modes of communication and transport. The use of automobiles in the society that incorporate complicates and sophisticated technologies were able to provide faster and smoother ways of communication all over the world. The people of the society could travel longer distances with the help of fuel efficient and high horse-power driven automobile engine used in cars and aircrafts. The bar riers of communication were reduced and people could not travel farther distances within their national boundaries but could also cross international borders with ease. The reduction of these barriers with the wide-spread adoption of technology helped in fostering social and cultural exchange between the nations. The various meeting and conferences held across the world from people of society in different corners of the globe were part of daily routines. This brought about economic changes in the lives of the people as the increase in business activities with the spread of technology and world-wide exchanges of culture, ideas and businesses led to the advent of globalization which reshaped the functions of the

Judicial activism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Judicial activism - Essay Example In Roper v. Simmons, a seventeen year old by the name of Simmons confessed that he plotted the murder and burglary of an older woman. This case placed the question before the Courts as to whether or not a person younger than eighteen years old should be punished with the death penalty when convicted of crimes that would typically mandated capital punishment. The seventeen year old was originally sentenced to death for his crimes. This decision was later overturned by the Missouri Supreme Court and the defendant's sentence was converted to life imprisonment. The Missouri Supreme Court stated that although there were cases that illustrated that there was a precedent set that allowed for capital punishment for those persons under the age of eighteen, that a 'national consensus has developed against the execution of juvenile offenders'(2005). This case has since been heard by the United States Supreme Courts. Judicial activism and restraint are concepts that can be readily viewed in the Roper v. Simmons case when it was decided by the Supreme Court in March 2005. The majority opinion addressed both the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments when considering the affirmation of the Missouri Supreme Court decision. ... Per the court's opinion, neither the Eighth nor the Fourteenth Amendment disallows the use of the death penalty for either persons that are under the age of eighteen or that are deemed mentally retarded. The Court's majority states that twenty-two of thirty-seven death penalty states permit the death penalty for the offenders that are sixteen years old. The same thirty-seven states permitted the death penalty for those offenders that were seventeen years old. The Court went further to state that such figures are not indicative of a nation that is moving towards a consensus against capital punishment for those offenders that are less than eighteen years of age. Two court cases were consistently referenced in the opinion: Stanford v. Kentucky 492 U.S. 361 (1989) and Atkins v. Virginia 536 U.S. 304(2002). Stanford and Atkins speak to both issues of capital punishment for juvenile offenders and the mentally retarded. These two cases decided that it was not inappropriate to utilize the de ath penalty for those younger than age eighteen or mentally retarded, respectively. Typically, judicial restraint would have allowed the Supreme Court to overturn the Missouri Courts ruling based on precedents and existing laws. However, the majority opinion took its review of the existing laws by interpreting the intention of the laws and how they related to the intention of the Constitutional Amendments. The majority opinion stated that although the death penalty for youths and the mentally retarded were not prohibited, they were rarely used as methods of punishment. In many cases, the Court notes that allowances were made for juveniles that had committed heinous crimes because it was and is recognized that these persons have

Various concepts that revolve around knowledge Essay

Various concepts that revolve around knowledge - Essay Example New born babies have little to contemplate on. Due to interaction with the environment, they learn new things depending on their senses. In some instances, they imitate what others do and repeat familiar words. In this sense, it can be argued that knowledge has actually to have some foundations. It is through memory that people perceive about things. For example, one can be able to tell or predict existence of a lion even without seeing it by just hearing its roaring sound. This can be linked with past experiences where one saw a loin roaring. Therefore the past experience or encounter with a lion could act as a foundation of knowing what a lion is and how it roars. On the other hand, the past encounters with a lion and knowing that that was a lion can be linked with some past images seen on pictures or stories told by other people. Therefore, it can be argued that although one could have knowledge of what a lion is through other means, the personal encounter with it enriches the kno wledge. With this in mind, it is apparent that knowledge has to begin somewhere. The concepts and theories below are well articulated to bring out this argument to light. The philosophy of the social sciences is considered to have played a key role in the development and formation of the knowledge (Papanutsos and Anton 1968). Theories that explain knowledge does not have a sole issue to explain about. Instead, they present meta-theoretical debates. Meta-theory does not explain a specific object, event or activity; it involves a series of empirical real world practices as the object analysis. In early learning theories, main focus is on behaviorism. For people to be able to learn and remember new things, some things are... The paper tells that the philosophy of the social sciences is considered to have played a key role in the development and formation of the knowledge. Theories that explain knowledge does not have a sole issue to explain about. Instead, they present meta-theoretical debates. Meta-theory does not explain a specific object, event or activity; it involves a series of empirical real world practices as the object analysis. In early learning theories, main focus is on behaviorism. For people to be able to learn and remember new things, some things are considered to take place in the learning process. Some of these things are explained by behavioral and constructivism theories which focus their attentions on acquired factors that help the learner acquire knowledge. These two theories use idea of external factors that affects ones capacity to acquire and store the new knowledge. To these two theories, mental representations are the real images that we see around us which we perceive. The stor age and interpretation of those images would not be possible without our mental representations. The mental representations are the ones that help us learn, store, and remember the information. The principle of simplicity states that subjectivity is the best and simple hence economical than many competing and complicated theories that explain morality. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophical thought that deals with issues of fundamental nature of reality and what lies beyond the experience

Judicial activism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Judicial activism - Essay Example In Roper v. Simmons, a seventeen year old by the name of Simmons confessed that he plotted the murder and burglary of an older woman. This case placed the question before the Courts as to whether or not a person younger than eighteen years old should be punished with the death penalty when convicted of crimes that would typically mandated capital punishment. The seventeen year old was originally sentenced to death for his crimes. This decision was later overturned by the Missouri Supreme Court and the defendant's sentence was converted to life imprisonment. The Missouri Supreme Court stated that although there were cases that illustrated that there was a precedent set that allowed for capital punishment for those persons under the age of eighteen, that a 'national consensus has developed against the execution of juvenile offenders'(2005). This case has since been heard by the United States Supreme Courts. Judicial activism and restraint are concepts that can be readily viewed in the Roper v. Simmons case when it was decided by the Supreme Court in March 2005. The majority opinion addressed both the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments when considering the affirmation of the Missouri Supreme Court decision. ... Per the court's opinion, neither the Eighth nor the Fourteenth Amendment disallows the use of the death penalty for either persons that are under the age of eighteen or that are deemed mentally retarded. The Court's majority states that twenty-two of thirty-seven death penalty states permit the death penalty for the offenders that are sixteen years old. The same thirty-seven states permitted the death penalty for those offenders that were seventeen years old. The Court went further to state that such figures are not indicative of a nation that is moving towards a consensus against capital punishment for those offenders that are less than eighteen years of age. Two court cases were consistently referenced in the opinion: Stanford v. Kentucky 492 U.S. 361 (1989) and Atkins v. Virginia 536 U.S. 304(2002). Stanford and Atkins speak to both issues of capital punishment for juvenile offenders and the mentally retarded. These two cases decided that it was not inappropriate to utilize the de ath penalty for those younger than age eighteen or mentally retarded, respectively. Typically, judicial restraint would have allowed the Supreme Court to overturn the Missouri Courts ruling based on precedents and existing laws. However, the majority opinion took its review of the existing laws by interpreting the intention of the laws and how they related to the intention of the Constitutional Amendments. The majority opinion stated that although the death penalty for youths and the mentally retarded were not prohibited, they were rarely used as methods of punishment. In many cases, the Court notes that allowances were made for juveniles that had committed heinous crimes because it was and is recognized that these persons have

Mercantilism and liberalism and Israeli-Palestinian conflict Essay

Mercantilism and liberalism and Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Essay Example On the other hand, the basic tenet of liberalism as an economic school of thought is based on the invisible capacities offered by the economy. In this regard, the concept of liberalism creates a platform for fair and equal market practices, or with little government intervention (Goldstein, Joshua & Jon, 8). In a market environment guided by liberalism as a school of thought, the natural laws of demand and supply play a major role in regulating market activities and are believed to work effectively as compared to government implemented policies (Goldstein, Joshua & Jon, 8). According to Goldstein, Joshua & Jon 2006, one major similarity exists between mercantilism and liberalism; in these two schools of thought, the market seems as the driving force for an economy that intends to achieve a high level of development. In this regard, both theories provide unique ideologies that can be used to regulate supply and demand activities in the market as a core of economic development. According to the mercantilist ideologies, economies or states and markets have a high sense of relationship; this is because states are usually considered producers of resources and they assist markets in the process of remaining prosperous (Goldstein, Joshua & Jon, 14). However, in the case that a state-to-state relationship or interaction has to occur; there must be certain anticipated gains. These gains can be achieved through war. In this case, there must always be a winner and a loser, thus this ideology is based on a zero-sum gain (Goldstein, Joshua & Jon, 14). In relation to Liberalism theory, economic development processes are composed of exclusive players, basically two categories of players: The first category is made of states that positively interact with each other and the second category is made of the markets (Goldstein, Joshua & Jon, 14). Liberalism theorists believe that states relate with each other owing to the fact that they believe in

Deprivation of Land Ownership

Deprivation of Land Ownership The surest way to deprive a peasant of his land is to give him a secure title and make it freely negotiable. R Schickele 1962, cited in Tim Hanstad, Designing Land Registration Systems for Developing Countries Am. U. Intl L. Rev. 13 (1997) 667. Discuss. Some see land dispossession as the cornerstone of the past colonial key economic and political policies that has lead to the capitalism as we see it. Land dispossession is not only established on land grab by use of force but also has been intensified by new innovative types of property and property regulation, confirming some of the Loakean philosophies of property and its relationship to society and its diverse make of ethnicity and race. Furthermore the title also suggests that there is a relationship between dispossession and social and economic standing within society. This article shall examine the broader implication of the above quotation and try to examine the relationship between the powerfuls (those who are economically and or socially superior to the other) ability to deprive the lesser from their land and whether or not there are any obstacles in their way, or has the whole structure been set up been set up as the title suggest to make it easier. To understand the above assertion it may be necessary to understand a capitalist approach to land and dispossession and before that we need to understand registration in context of this question and its historical development. Does this question suggest that dispossession of land is an exclusive relation between the rich and the poor, or is the relation more complex and less sinister than is been suggested. To make sense of this the article will try to first break it down to its component parts and then try to piece it together. Nevertheless ownership of land is a natural phenomenon in our societies, however in the scheme of human history this is a new development. , in the long sweep of human existence, it is a fairly recent invention. Many question arise from this statement, that where did these ideas originate, what is really ownership of land, and how can it be that a line drawn on the land by a sword can denote ownership and control. These assertion in our modern society are alien, as land ownership is so ingrained into our psyche. Surely before you are dispossessed or deprived if something you must have owned it or had rights to it first. Pre-Registration Before title registration there was John Locke. In his writings Two Treaties of Government[1] Locke summarise prehistory on land and ownership as a God (the god of the Abrahamic religions) given inheritance to the Children of Men[2] in common, this is a superstition that in this scenario one can or has a right to own land or a right to own land. However this is not John Lockes view on ownership of land. His starting position is that man has an ownership in himself[3] which is exclusive to him against all others. Then he states that that a mans physical labouring and what he creates from his own hands is also his own exclusive ownership. What Locke then goes on to summarise profoundly that then what he toils on the land and what he produces then becomes his own property too and becomes excluded from common ownership[4]. In summary what Locke can be summed up to say is that if man build a house on the land it is his house and if he works the land because of his labour it is his land, a nd thus the philosophy of Locke can be used to ascribe prehistory ownership of land. Agriculture made the mans connection to the earth more intense. Tilling the soil, making homesteads and communities all contributed to a more direct investment in the land. Nonetheless this was not the ownership of land as we know it. Historical context is incredibly significant, in particularly with concerns to land ownership, this is important and history of land entitlement started in the United Kingdom and was exported to its colonies. This history is important to the context of this article as the histories of many dispossessed people are from the former colonies. While land was owned by the Anglo-Saxon in England prior to the invasion of England in 1066, it was William the First that usurp the land and redistributed it to his loyalist in favour for services rendered and to be rendered[5]. He devised tenures, the kings loyal man provided him with services which might be providing horsemen and other personal who did the kings business, tenure. The ownership of the land thus remained with the crown. This was the preserve of the Common Law. In Pottages writing[6] The Measure of Land, he describes the archaic ways land conveyancing took place in the past (pre-registration documentation of land ownership). He describes the lengths to which potential owners would have to good to try and get good (or better) title to the land they wished to own. This could be by medieval turf cutting[7]with a sword, or to hold fate and events as to instil it into the memory of the local as a symbolic time so that the event could denote the day the land changed owners, this grew to a stage that to have good title would mean that the possessor would have as much historical documentation as trusts in writing to prove if there were a dispute that the possessor had better title, however any possessor could be dispossessed regardless of the quantity of documents at hand if someone put up a document that may show that they had had the better title by whatever means and that that hadnt to date been extinguished. Yes complicated and fraught with pit falls. Possession at that time was the first evidence towards ownership, coin the phrase that possession was nine tenth of the law accurate alluding to the fact that that one tenth could still dispossess you if you had not covered or collected all the information. However the earliest ownership of the land is near enough historically impossible to prove, so long as you had enough retrospective history on the property in your possession you would be unlikely to be dispossessed of it. The prospective buyer would need to be satisfied the chain of ownership could be evidenced to a specific point in time, before 1875 this would have been 60 years[8], in genealogical terms approximately four generations. Long lines of historical record to the ownership of land would cement the ownership of the land and the elite families that owned them. This supposition established the elite classes ownership of estate. The longer these few families kept possession of the land the more it hid in some case highly contested and disputes over land[9]. Registration In an article written by Keenan[10], she says that title registration has become recognised as a modern globalising trend in land law. Keenan say that these measures are being readily and free being accepted by governments in greater numbers across a multitude of jurisdictions globally, and where it is not being done then the world bank and the International Monetary Fund are demanding it as parts of global deals whether the purpose it to unify or make easier land acquisition we can only speculate. With the induction of the industrial revolution, came the need and the demand for more secure ownership of land. During the 1700s law relating to real property stagnated in statutory terms, however doctrine continued to evolve by judges in the courts, for example under judges like Lord Nottingham (from 1673-1682), Lord King (1725-1733), Lord Hardwicke (1737-1756), Lord Henley (1757-1766), and Lord Eldon (1801-1827) . As the industrial revolution took hold globally and trade expanded, the influence of new money of the business and industrial classes was also growing, and the once dominant wealth and political clout of the landed gentry was in decline. Adam Smith discussed in his book The Wealth of Nations that the land owners were able demand and take rent from others for very little cost in monetary term . Through the 1800s there were many attempts at trying to replace the document based ownership to some kind of registration system. The colonialist settlers living in the colonies had a different experience of societal and political experience than those who were back in England. At the time the settlements were being colonised in North America and Australia[11] by the British. As land was being possessed, occupied or settled in the colonies, a form of legal confirmation was needed in order to give the settlers security and title. So in 1857, Robert Torrens the prime minister of South Australia decided that he was going to dedicate his time in land reform and in particular to develop a land registration system for transfer of land in the colonies. He had indentified that on occasions the English system of land conveyance was sometimes more costly than the cost the land itself[12]. The Torrens System In discussing the establishment system of title and the induction of Torrens, it is helpful study the background and direction of what Torrens wanted to establish once he finally established the system in South Australia[13]. There are important difference between what was happening in the past and the Torrens system, crucially the biggest change from the past was to create centralisation registration of the Title. The reason was to combat the past systems failing and in particular the skewed character of the old system and to create a safer alternative on the central system[14]. Torrens was of the opinion that the old system was completely redundant and not fit for purpose[15] and because of this Torrens set up the new and better and principally fair system. The idea Torrens based his system on was originated on the Mirror Principle, Curtain Principle and also the insurance Principle[16]. The words may suggest the Mirror Principle in the reflection of the ground realities and the fa cts around the owners title, the Curtain Principle would hide any defects and therefore the purchaser could rely exclusively on the just having the registration document and finally the Insurance Principle underwriting any possible errors and providing compensation when a mistakes occurs[17], what this gave was provided was assurance of title and ease of use of the system. Torrens system was described as not being a system of registration of title, but being a case of title by registration[18]. One of the cornerstones key to Torrens system was something called indefeasibility, meaning the new title owner would only be liable to interest registered at the time[19]. However at the being deferred indefeasibility, was accepted[20]. What this entailed was that in case of fraud to a bona fide buyer, indefeasibility was not granted until both and blameless owner and an blameless buyer were present. This was however later overturned in court[21]. The success[22] of the system comes down it simplicity. To avoid the difficulties for the buyer when doing legal searches, Torrens Mirror principle was established. This did not give any guarantee of validity but simply provided priority if valid[23]. As Keenan says in her article, on this same subject, that, the Torrenss system made it simpler, cost effective and speedier for investors to re-sale the property for the investors then before the Torrens system was introduced. English Land Registration The first formal land registration system came about in the in England four years after the establishment of Torrens system in 1862. These were followed by two further Acts in 1875 and 1897[24]. Then in 1925, the Law of Property Act 1925 was passed and enacted. The big difference between the two systems was that PLA 1925 allowed for overriding interests, like easements[25], squatters rights[26], and lease with terms of 21 years or less[27], these were similar to some of the indefeasibility expressed in the Torrens system. Dispossession By Torrens Because of Torrens and the Curtain principle any previous historical connections with interest in and any entitlement thereto where hidden behind the curtain once the land was registered. Once registered anything that came before vanished[28], the people how did have the said relationships could effectively become trespassers on the land that they freely roamed or lived in historically. The Torrens system found great favour by other colonialist and spread quickly through the colonies like an epidemic. Dispossession The idea of dispossession has been insidious in the writings of academics and campaigners who want investigate, write detail of and confront ethnic capitalism. The cruelty of dispossession includes and is not restricted to, being dispossessed of property whether it is your land or your home, country, your tools and resources of survival, your historical back ground, language and your own person, your character, can describe in one way or a combination of ways a large number of the global populous at the currents times. The spread of imperialism across the world has not been forgotten. However the aftermath of imperialism or colonialism has left its bitter scars, but also has developed into modern forms too. Modern capitalisms has its own incarnations of reasoning, influence and manifestations (collectively known as Cultures of Dispossession. From what has already described above this article can demonstrate how dispossession has become a common place which is not exclusively to economics, societal or the legal register. The various manifestations of dispossession demonstrates irregular effects of hundreds of years of capitalist accumulation focused around action of the possessive personage and the consequent result of ever ready onto rationally and politically dispossessed of the ability suitably own or to be free. The sexual orientation/ gender and rascality is not merely dependent but are the construct of this article in the sense that these are features that are re-occurring theme in dispossession. Holistically this article is demonstrating that dispassion by title is just ones means by which dispossession happens. By concentrating on means on the ways of dispossession as one of the clear modes of authority of colonial capitalist arrangement, in this article we have already looked at judicial machinery used to dispossess. In the alternative possession has to be in the realms of the judicial belongs ideologically to a spatial sphere, that takes into account current political and economic thinking in a verity of ways. However the focus of the nest section shall be on dispossession by design. Foreclosure K-Sue Park in the article Money Mortgages and Conquest of America, highlights a discussion of foreclosure, the modern phenomena of dispossession. When the colonialist settled in America they developed on the English law that they had inherited by virtue of their origins, to develop and create their own individual and unique model taking into account and adopting to the new ground realities of a conquered land[29]. Furthermore the development of mortgage in America, followed one fundamental constructive change across the settlers kingdom (the colonies) and that was the how simple foreclosure had become (was it by default or design?) on land, bordering on land being dealt with in the same way as chattels, which was a contrast from the difference of land and chattel had be maintained in the old English system[30]. Academics have made it apparent that the everyday threat of repossession (the English word used for the America for dispossession) in the way mortgages are practiced by way of a uniquely American colonial notion[31]. The narrow window from which the American historian view their own historical prospective of property/mortgages dealings, illustrated ho that the transaction by enlarge occurs amongst white European / American during the late seventeenth century and early eighteenth century. The alterations in mortgage can be described as happening earlier then some historians mention, and the interpretation of that is to assume the acceptance that the relaxed and unimpeded, prevalent repossession first happened on connection with dispossession of the natives. On the onset it has to be understood the originality of the American mortgage, and it is also crucial to realise that extremely lasting practice of protecting individual association to land in English property law before settlers left to colonise. The deeply held principle predilection was mirrored by limitations found uniquely in English mortgages. Before the seventeenth century, at the time the first British settlers setup colonies in America, it was near on impossible to detach someone from his land because of debt dealing through English law.[32] Previously the earliest documented use of land to secure debt was established an instrument known as the gage[33]. From the inception of debts incurring a cost of interest payments as a type of usury at this period, English lenders who are allowed to a gage, were allowed to collect the rents and the fruit of the land[34]. The benefits granted to lenders at that time, is not without difficulty able to connect the right and duties that exi st by law in estate currently, the benefits ordained to those lenders of the past emanate directly from the charged land. A chief justice of the king of England in the twelfth century, explained and identified two types of gages the living gage and the dead gage or the Vif gage and the Mort gage[35]. In the Vif gage the lend and adjoin the fruits and rents towards the debt with the expectation to reduce the debt. By contrast if you had the mort gage the leader is forbidden from collecting the fruit or other reciprocal benefits to reduce the amount of debt but can be accumulated as a profit to the amount of loan.[36] As the mort gage was the system that that avoided the prohibition on interest, it become the chosen gage[37]. At the beginning the right of the lender was surprisingly a feeble, but with the course if time have more likely have been able to possession for the duration of a loan. Scholar of business institute are brought closer to affiliation with the law because of the closeness of the connection actions of the association and the drama intrinsic in the great efforts among and bounded by partners.[38] Conclusion It must firstly be stated that the study of dispossession id fraught with complexities, more difficult it such a complex area is from the myriad of information and the intricate and complex writing out there, it is difficult for the author to stay focus, rather than what is likely to occur of vying off at tangent only to rein oneself back in. The conclusion for this article has to come from the writing of one of the best pieces written work read by this author, and that is from Sarah Keenans Smoke Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of race Through Time and Title Registration[39]. Why? Because Keenan has been able to stay extremely focused on the theme through-out and written a great article. Nevertheless this author has the perilous task to follow that. The main feature of this article has been the development of title registration systems and how they all seem to be linked and woven from the same cloth. Registration was developed by the forced necessity of an overly complex, convoluted system that still left the buyer at risk even after investing huge amounts of time and money. The irony of the old system is that it could dispossess some one of their title by default as the system had no safety net, there should have been a label on the old system that alway read buyer be weary. Secondly we discovered that the landed gentry liked the old system so much that we discovered to this they hold property in the old way, where it is passed down from generation to generation described by Keenan as a multi generational monopoly of estate ownership. We learnt that the same gentry that owned the land also were the politician that had to bring in law reforms. It took nearly eighty years from when the idea was first floated to the inception of the Law of Property Act 1925. The comparable and original practical system was introduced in South Australia by Torrens. While it was in principle and prima facia a good system, the undertones and its net affects were very dark indeed. Torrens system was easy to use, it was quick and it was cost effective. But in its creation was hidden the mechanism by which the aboriginal indigenous people would be dispossesses. Torrens was notably the same man who previously had dispossessed the poor Irish farmers in the Potato famine, and gave t he titles cheaply to the gentry. It may be easy to dispossess a poor man by giving him a title and then freely negotiating his property from him for next to no value. However why go through all the that when it can be done by a doctrine formulated by Torrens, this document was so popular in what it could do that it was adopted very quickly in the colonies and whole nations of indigenous people were dispossessed, whether in Australia, Canada, America, India or Africa. A discussion was tried to be articulated in this article that there were other ways of easily dispossessing poor people, one being older than we might have thought, and that is by debt arrears and repossessions or as the Americans call it foreclosure. Finally it is easy to say but harder to articulate in a limited article the many ways of dispossessing the poor. [1] Page 327 Chapter V, Of Property by John Locke; Two Treaties of Government first published in 1960, from his original book and additional found manuscripts. https://moodle.bbk.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/590998/mod_resource/content/1/Of%20Property.pdf [2] Page 327 Chapter V, Of Property by John Locke; Two Treaties of Government first published in 1960, from his original book and additional found manuscripts. https://moodle.bbk.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/590998/mod_resource/content/1/Of%20Property.pdf [3] Page 328 Chapter V, Of Property by John Locke; Two Treaties of Government first published in 1960, from his original book and additional found manuscripts. https://moodle.bbk.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/590998/mod_resource/content/1/Of%20Property.pdf [4] Page 329 Chapter V, Of Property by John Locke; Two Treaties of Government first published in 1960, from his original book and additional found manuscripts. https://moodle.bbk.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/590998/mod_resource/content/1/Of%20Property.pdf [5] http://www.wwlia.org/LegalResources/UK/ID/258/History-of-Real-Estate-Law-The-Old-English-Landholding-System.aspx [6] The Measure of Land by Alain Pottage, The Modern Law Review 1994, Volume 57, pages 361-385 [7] The Measure of Land by Alain Pottage, The Modern Law Review 1994, Volume 57, page 361 [8] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan, School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016, Published 27 October 2016. [9] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan, School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016, Published 27 October 2016. [10] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan, School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016, Published 27 October 2016. [11] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan, School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016, Published 27 October 2016. [12] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan, School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016, Published 27 October 2016. [13] Kelvin F K Low, The Nature of Torrens Indefeasibility: Understanding The Limits Of Personal Equities [2009] 33 Melbourne University Law Review 205, 206. [14] Kelvin F K Low, The Nature of Torrens Indefeasibility: Understanding The Limits Of Personal Equities [2009] 33 Melbourne University Law Review 205, 206. [15] Kelvin F K Low, The Nature of Torrens Indefeasibility: Understanding The Limits Of Personal Equities [2009] 33 Melbourne University Law Review 205, 206. [16] Richard Wu and Mohd Yazid Bin Zu Kepli; Expedition of Torrens system in the common law world and its Asian development in Singapore and Hong Kong ;(2012) 2 Property Law Review 99, 102. [17] Richard Wu and Mohd Yazid Bin Zu Kepli; Expedition of Torrens system in the common law world and its Asian development in Singapore and Hong Kong; (2012) 2 Property Law Review 99, 102. [18] Breskvar v Wall (1971) 126 CLR 376, at 385 per Barwick CJ [19] Tang Hang Wu, Beyond The Torrens Mirror: A Framework of The In Personam Exception To Indefeasibility (2008) 32 Melbourne University Law Review 672, 672. [20] Roy A. Woodman, The Torrens System in New South Wales: One Hundred Years of Indefeasibility of Title (1970) 44 The Australian Law Journal 96. [21] Frazer v Walker [1967] 1 AC 569. [22] Lynden Griggs, In Personam, Garcia v NAB and the Torrens System Are they Reconcilable? (2001) 1(1) Queensland University of Technology Law and Justice Journal 76, 86. [23] Kelvin F K Low, The Nature of Torrens Indefeasibility: Understanding The Limits Of Personal Equities [2009] 33 Melbourne University Law Review 206. [24] The Land Transfer Act 1875, 38 39 Vict, c 87; Land Transfer Act 1897, 60 61 Vict, c 65. [25] LRA 1925 s 70(1)(a). [26] LRA 1925 s 70(1)(f). [27] LRA 1925 s 70(1)(k). [28] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan

The Role of Hermaphrodites in Society Essay -- Sociology Essays Resear

The Role of Hermaphrodites in Society In Ruth Gilbert’s At the Border’s of the Human, she discusses society’s interest in hermaphrodites in terms of â€Å"people’s desire to examine, scrutinize, and display objects which are alien, strange and other† (6). The anomalous and bizarre spectacle of the hermaphroditic body has drawn the focus of scientists since the early sixteenth century. Hermaphrodites have long evoked a â€Å"mixture of disgust and desire, and fear and fascination†(Gilbert 150) that has led to their position as objects of scientific scrutiny. As defined by Random House Webster’s College Dictionary, a hermaphrodite is â€Å"an individual in which reproductive organs of both sexes are present†. Besides hermaphrodites challenging society’s physical norms, they challenge and have recently changed its cultural norms as well. In ancient societies, dual-sexed beings were either â€Å"exterminated, considered to be beings of suffering, or regarded as strange phenomena† (Brisson 40). Their roles in society were nonexistent because they were viewed as â€Å"threatening deviance from the...

Separation Of Church And State Essay -- History Historical Education R

Separation of Church and State By the middle of the 20th Century, the United States had emerged as a world power. It accomplished this through its leadership in defeating Germany and Japan in World War II. These two countries' main objective was to enslave the world and destroy political, religious, and economic freedom. In Germany or Japan, anyone who disagreed with these goals, or was different was destroyed. This was a common practice in these two fascist countries. Unfortunately, at the same time of its emergence as a world power, the United States began to slip into a form of judicial fascism. This slide began when the U.S. Supreme Court began to abandon the religious principles on which this nation was founded. The abandonment officially began in 1947 in Everson v. Board of Education, when the court announced, â€Å"The 1st amendment has erected a wall between church and state. That wall must be kept high and impregnable. We could not approve the slightest breach.† (Barton, Original†¦ p.13) This exact case began the reversal of Supreme Court trends and opinions that had lasted for one hundred and fifty years. Now, for almost fifty years, the Supreme Court , and the United States population in general, has used the phrase â€Å"separation of church and state† when referring to the religion clause of the 1st Amendment. The 1st amendment's actual wording is â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.† (Barton, America: To†¦ p.15) But, because of the Supreme Court's continuous citing of a â€Å" wall of separation† and â€Å"separation of church and state†, the public's idea of the 1st amendment's religion clause has been shaped by phrases which do not appear anywhere in the Constitution. The First Congress, which passed this Amendment in 1789, intended to prohibit the establishment of a national religion. In fact, they didn't mind the establishment of â€Å"official† religions by states. At the start of the American Revolution, nine of the thirteen colonies had established religions, so obviously no one was opposed to the coupling of church and state. Unfortunately, this separation talk has been so furiously pounded into our heads, that a picture is painted falsely into our heads; a picture of a roomful of godless atheists, agnostics, and deists framing our Constitution in 178... ...efore Everson v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court made countless decisions regarding religion that directly contradict the past 50 years of religious oppression. Some of these decisions refer to the U.S. as a Christian country. One, Davis v. Beason, in 1889, strikes down bigamy and polygamy, rejecting arguments that they were religious exercises. The Court states Davis, a Mormon, was wrong, and that his actions were crimes by â€Å"the laws of all civilized and Christian countries.† This decision clearly shows the intent of the legislators of the era.(Barton, Original.. p.64-65) The solution to this problem lies in educating the people of this great republic as to the intent of the Founders. In the evidence presented, it can be clearly seen that the judicial fascism being practiced today and now, is clearly not what the Founding Fathers intended for our country. The solution to the religious liberty/school prayer debate lies in the hands of Congress.(Barton, A guide.. p.36) The media portrays supporters of a school prayer amendment as a radical fringe minority, when recent studies and surveys have shown that 71% of people favor an amendment for school prayer. Separation Of Church And State Essay -- History Historical Education R Separation of Church and State By the middle of the 20th Century, the United States had emerged as a world power. It accomplished this through its leadership in defeating Germany and Japan in World War II. These two countries' main objective was to enslave the world and destroy political, religious, and economic freedom. In Germany or Japan, anyone who disagreed with these goals, or was different was destroyed. This was a common practice in these two fascist countries. Unfortunately, at the same time of its emergence as a world power, the United States began to slip into a form of judicial fascism. This slide began when the U.S. Supreme Court began to abandon the religious principles on which this nation was founded. The abandonment officially began in 1947 in Everson v. Board of Education, when the court announced, â€Å"The 1st amendment has erected a wall between church and state. That wall must be kept high and impregnable. We could not approve the slightest breach.† (Barton, Original†¦ p.13) This exact case began the reversal of Supreme Court trends and opinions that had lasted for one hundred and fifty years. Now, for almost fifty years, the Supreme Court , and the United States population in general, has used the phrase â€Å"separation of church and state† when referring to the religion clause of the 1st Amendment. The 1st amendment's actual wording is â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.† (Barton, America: To†¦ p.15) But, because of the Supreme Court's continuous citing of a â€Å" wall of separation† and â€Å"separation of church and state†, the public's idea of the 1st amendment's religion clause has been shaped by phrases which do not appear anywhere in the Constitution. The First Congress, which passed this Amendment in 1789, intended to prohibit the establishment of a national religion. In fact, they didn't mind the establishment of â€Å"official† religions by states. At the start of the American Revolution, nine of the thirteen colonies had established religions, so obviously no one was opposed to the coupling of church and state. Unfortunately, this separation talk has been so furiously pounded into our heads, that a picture is painted falsely into our heads; a picture of a roomful of godless atheists, agnostics, and deists framing our Constitution in 178... ...efore Everson v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court made countless decisions regarding religion that directly contradict the past 50 years of religious oppression. Some of these decisions refer to the U.S. as a Christian country. One, Davis v. Beason, in 1889, strikes down bigamy and polygamy, rejecting arguments that they were religious exercises. The Court states Davis, a Mormon, was wrong, and that his actions were crimes by â€Å"the laws of all civilized and Christian countries.† This decision clearly shows the intent of the legislators of the era.(Barton, Original.. p.64-65) The solution to this problem lies in educating the people of this great republic as to the intent of the Founders. In the evidence presented, it can be clearly seen that the judicial fascism being practiced today and now, is clearly not what the Founding Fathers intended for our country. The solution to the religious liberty/school prayer debate lies in the hands of Congress.(Barton, A guide.. p.36) The media portrays supporters of a school prayer amendment as a radical fringe minority, when recent studies and surveys have shown that 71% of people favor an amendment for school prayer.