Small Group and Team Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Little Group and Team Communication - Essay Example Successful collective choice creation depends on collaboration and common understandings, trust and compelling correspondence between colleagues. Salaman (2001) underlines that the perfect dynamic (gathering or individual) is ridiculous in light of the fact that change prompts vulnerability, and there is less vulnerability in the short run than over the long haul. He utilizes instances of business disappointments to depict insufficient dynamic procedures dependent on dynamic standards as opposed to cautious examination of the circumstance. Salaman (2001) states that: key to dynamic is the idea of objectivity. Soundness alludes to the nature of reasoning and dynamic (p. 2). Associations can be almost certain that whatever drawn out conjectures they cause will to not be right. Lamentably, most advantageous accomplishments are done over the long haul and therefore require a drawn out standpoint (Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons 2004). Additionally, the perfect dynamic is unthinkable as a result of considerable discernment. Following Weber: [decision-making] passes on just a single component basic to all the conceivable exact circumstances (Salaman 2001, p. 3). The flight frequently prompts difficult changes in the venture necessities, which are thusly significant supporters of time and cost overwhelms. In this circumstance, long haul contemplations are relinquished to transient exigencies. The corporate culture must praise the temperances of a drawn out viewpoint. ... The most ideal approach to tell individuals the significance of this standpoint to the association is to make motivation frameworks that prize long haul conduct and to create hierarchical structures that make it hard to be a short-termer. A client centered culture requires another demeanor toward clients. Group and cooperative choice creation includes co-acting individuals with specific information, connecting to show up at some esteemed choices or results. Groups have responsible enrollment, frequently work in flighty equivocal conditions, and procedure data (or order different capacities) for variable periods of time. Group dynamic is additionally entangled when it is bolstered by innovation, for example, choice emotionally supportive networks that are included choice guides, educational information bases, PCs, radios, phones, video, etc. Dynamic, as a term, no longer satisfactorily fits the extended exercises that the group attempts to take care of an issue or arrive at a planned objective. Scholarly cooperation is perhaps a superior term to portray group dynamic in mechanically upheld conditions (Jeynes, 2002). Inside this procedure, morals turns into a critical part guarding and controlling dynamic procedure. Morals is as a lot of good rules that administer the activity of an individual or gathering. Business morals are worried about truth and equity and incorporate perspectives which society anticipates. Two topics which rose in writing are the job of the casualty in the criminal equity framework and the utilization of the criminal law as an asset. Choice investigation is a lot of models and techniques for helping individuals manage troublesome and unpleasant choices (Hicks, 2004). The working suspicion of choice examiners is that a chief wishes to choose the

Why Do Most Humans Seek Beauty Essay Essay Example

For what reason Do Most Humans Seek Beauty Essay Example For what reason Do Most Humans Seek Beauty Essay For what reason Do Most Humans Seek Beauty Essay Why most universes look for magnificence is each piece fascinating as it is profound. So as to mull over why most universes look for magnificence. I needed to see what is â€Å"beauty† . To ask what is excellence. I needed to look where magnificence can be found. In the wake of considering this very request. I found in my idea that excellence could be found in each individual thing that exists. by at any rate individual. Not only on a physical plane however close to on a non-physical plane. Might I be able to be so striking as to express that excellence is the thing that individuals allude to as God. or on the other hand all that is. what's more, that individuals look for God or â€Å"beauty† to happen essentialness or affirmation of their very being? Albeit many can hang on specific things as being wonderful. excellence is truly in the oculus of the perceiver. In the event that what is delightful to one may non be wonderful to another so excellence can be depicted as a conclusion. One can hold an assumption and another can hold. by the by. both are estimation. So what is magnificence? How and for what reason do universes look for excellence? In the event that I can simple go to a choice that magnificence is each piece single as we are human. At that point I needed to ask myself how would we see excellence. Is it encountered through our feeling of sight? We experience a sea shore. or then again mountain similar to a lovely thing we are taking a gander at. However the answer is non so straightforward. For what reason is that sea shore or mountain delightful? Shouldn't something be said about the things that transpire that can be simply as wonderful? I believe that when we experience magnificence. we experience excellence through the entirety of our faculties dependent on the essentialness we put behind our idea of its magnificence. Does this imply individuals search out what is important to them and happen that lovely? In the book â€Å"Catch a Fire† . a real existence on the life of Bob Marley by Timothy White. I discovered outlines of my idea. After Bob Marley recorded and discharged his first vocal. he burned through the greater part of his prizes playing his vocal for three hebdomads in a nearby nickelodeon until the tradesman expelled the vocal since he was sick of tuning in to it. Sway thought hearing his music on the nickelodeon was excellent. The tradesman did non see or experience the excellence Bob Marley felt. I can partner to the two sides of this coin. I have unreasonably encountered the magnificence in making music and the blast of tuning in to my music on the remote. It was truly a wonderful thing to me since I had arrived at an end and that made me experience great. On the different manus. holding been in the music concern. I have been given numerous a demo tape. which is an example of someone’s music. I can state you preeminent manus that I felt like that tradesman. I did non see the excellence or experience a similar invigoration as the instrumentalist. To state you reality. in some cases it was sensibly agonizing to tune in to these. At that point I needed to make up ones brain how I was heading out to interfere with the knowledge to the instrumentalist that I didn’t parcel the magnificence in his music. I am surely many did non parcel the magnificence I found in my ain music either. Another representation from â€Å"Catch a Fire† is Bob Marley’s female parent Cadella. She saw Bob Marley her child. as excellent. I imagine that each female parent known to mankind can partner to considering her to be as excellent. I can’t think about a more wonderful thing than my children. Mother’s see the magnificence in their children since they love them unequivocally. Much after the tests and preliminaries of bringing up your children. the relationship may modify yet the bond does non. No undertaking what. that excellence neer cuts. At the point when you have a child it resembles becoming hopelessly enamored like neer before. So do we look for excellence to experience passionate feelings for and the inclination we get from that association? We can see that individuals do search out excellence regarding individual or something. One of the most lovely things in life is to see individual that is associated with their energy. whatever that enthusiasm is. This wonderful association delivers the stature of one’s part to the universe through the activity of their adoration for something and accordingly connecting or putting with others that parcel a similar enthusiasm or a â€Å"lover† of their plants. People groups look for magnificence and associate with each other. Association is an essential human interest surprisingly. conditions it is the association with another individual. a workmanship piece. a melodic forming. a message. themselves. The rundown is unceasing on the how. why. furthermore, what individuals discover an association with. The most complete record of why universes look for magnificence could be found in the noteworthiness we put behind something taken in by the oculus or head. the inclination we get by seting an importance in a thought or experience that feels better. a semantic correspondence that addresses our mind that we can put with that can deliver life-changing pleasance. We universes look for magnificence since it gives us pleasance and places us in a territory of incandescently happy. Looking for excellence is the course to felicity.

Fairness and Writing Facing Realities as a WOC in Modern Publishing

Fairness and Writing Facing Realities as a WOC in Modern Publishing I like fiction because fiction aims for fairness. Villains get comeuppance in classic animated Disney. In books like Harry Potter, corrupt governors like Lucius Malfoy got the sack while spoiled boys like his son Draco get smacked. Most books enact justice or karma. You believe that this fairness lends itself to writing and publishing. Ray Bradbury and Stephen King kept writing and kept submitting. Eventually editors took notice. They got their paychecks and blurbs. King got a proper agent to handle his royalties and contracts. You think that you have a chance as well. Then you find out the publishing world is more complex than 1930s-era Ray Bradbury portrayed in Zen in the Art of Writing. With technology, you can submit using email rather than rely on self-addressed, stamped envelopes. You also find articles claiming that people as a whole read less print, and thus the industry is dying. Someone takes the Pride Prejudice text and adds in zombies to create a bestseller. A white man poses as a Chinese poet to earn his place in an anthology edited by Sherman Alexie, which emphasizes the need for diverse poetry. Even all the above, one can handle this. I havent submitted a print submission since high school, for a local writing contest which I endorse for the next generation. I use Submittable, Google Drive, and Gmail to work on my content. For every Pride Prejudice and Zombies there is another Fangirl or a Robin McKinley novel. With every Sad Numpty that believes they are losing Hugo Awards and doesnt deserve to be called a Sad Puppy, there is a Malinda Lo that steals our hearts and minds with adventure. What I cant handle: the publishing industry rewarding bullies. Recently, a right-wing troll received a huge book deal. You have probably heard of the controversy. The publishing company asks that people read the book first before making judgment. Reviewers decide to boycott, and authors consider changing their publisher. This troll, a wealthy Caucasian man, harasses black celebrities and women. He was involved in Gamergate, and in demonizing the women involved. One woman correspondent has tried telling them theyre not friends, but he doesnt listen. As a   journalist, he has created a grant program that has not paid anyone involved. In addition, he hangs out at right-wing rallies and considers it just business. Why does he deserve more cash? Explaining Racism, Sexism, and Exclusion of POC I am a woman, and a person of color, an American writer of Indian-Asian origins. My parents came from Chennai, India to practice medicine in the states. For a long time I didnt write about my Indian roots, feeling the need to tell stories that only focused on non-Indian characters. Editors had to tell me they preferred my Indian tales for the shame to go away, and one has to fight shame with pride. I wrote  a personal blog on this subject for Valentines Day in 2015. For better or for worse, despite my publishing success and that women dominate the field, I know the obstacles. I also have privilege: a private education and a supportive family. These qualities even the odds, but not that much. Studies revealed that gender bias exists in publishing, in that male authors are more likely to be published and praised than women. Likewise, non-white authors have to fight harder so that their works make the cut, and are more likely told that readers wont relate to their work.   The We Need Diverse Books campaign fights against these biases, to bring more authors of color to the forefront. This book deal spits in the face of all this progress. The editors and executives who inked it ignore the hard work that POC and WOC authors do to earn their contracts. They decided it was better to give money to someone who has a habit of budgeting poorly. We dont know why, and we want fairness. This company proves they dont play fair. The Real Frustration Trying to explain this heinous deal to Caucasian or similarly privileged people is like trying to explain that I am wearing plastic wrap over my work clothes. Most people cant see the transparent wrap, but I can feel it. It inhibits me when I walk around, and most people will deny its there. Even if I have literary success, the plastic wrap will stay. I could choose a pen name like George Sand did, but it wouldnt feel like me. But Priya, these people say. You arent wearing plastic wrap. Yes I am! I respond. Saying that youre wearing plastic wrap is racist to white people. By saying that youre excluding me. Rinse and repeat. After doing this for a couple of hours, I end up frazzled and dropping the topic. I keep submitting my stories, diving into Indian roots. Systematic racism and sexism keeps hitting the publishing industry. Im not ignoring my successes thus far. In fact, Im grateful to have publications each year, and readers. That doesnt mean I will ignore a blatant injustice, however. My writer friends need a chance as well, and they arent bullies. In this bullys case, it doesnt matter if the book is a set of innocuous nursery rhymes or a collection of essays on injustice. The author has revealed his true colors. He has no empathy or regard for others, especially women and minorities. We cannot accept him earning a huge advance because of his previous actions. Fairness wont reach us on a platter. We have to fight for it, against double standards and against bullies.

Essay about Declaration Of Independence - 1591 Words

It was the 4th of July in 1776 when delegates from all thirteen colonies assembled at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Not knowing the full significance of what was about to take place that day,the delegates would do something that would forever change the course of the American people. Throughout history, only a few documents have changed the way we as a nation view politics and carry out our everyday lives. The document mentioned above was the Declaration of Independence. It changed the course of history because it granted America its freedom from Great Britain. Originally, there was a committee created to compose the document which consisted of John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert R. Livingston, and†¦show more content†¦Having said this, it is helpful to know the origins of this belief. In the following paragraphs, a brief history of The Declaration of Independence will be discussed so the origins of this idea are clear. Although Thomas Jefferson gets credit for writing the Declaration of Independence, one must first understand where most of the ideas came from. According to Dr. Vaughn Huckfeldt during a class lecture, an English philosopher by the name of John Locke developed his own political views and published them in the late 1600’s in his Two Treatises of Government. At the beginning of the Declaration, it is mentioned that all men are entitled with â€Å"certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.† In Locke’s 2nd Treatise of Government, he begins by using his theory of the state of nature in order to define the nature of power. Locke describes the state of nature as a place of equality in which no one person has any power over another and all people are free to do as they please. He argues that although the state of nature is a place of perfect freedom, it is still governed by natural law. When discussing law, the Declaration sets a foundation which the United States government is based on. The Declaration states to secure the rights of the people, governments have to be instituted among the people; however, when a government rules without consent, it is considered to be unjust. Even when being just, no one has theShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of Independence And The Declaration Of Independence1833 Words   |  8 Pagessocieties all over the world, the government has always been viewed as the powerhouse and reliable source for a country’s decision-making process. Another similar source of official government documentation exists in the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was written by the third president of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. During that time period that Jefferson seemed to be the most significant towards the political spectrum, America was just about to enter a birthRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Inde pendence1501 Words   |  7 PagesThe Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important document in U.S history that helped led to this country s independence from Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence helped us earn our freedom to become an independent nation with our own rules. However, without Thomas Jefferson and the rest of their concerns and reasons for separating this wouldn t have been possible. The writing alone wouldn’t have made this document memorable.The use of rhetoricalRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence877 Words   |  4 PagesThe Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is without a doubt one of the most important documents ever to be written in American history so far. It was signed by fifty-six different men, all who were representatives from different states. The person who wrote the Declaration of Independence is someone who we all know and grew up learning about, the famous Thomas Jefferson. The purpose of it was to declare the 13 colonies in America free and independent from Great Britain, getRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence969 Words   |  4 PagesThe US Constitution, The Declaration of Independence as well as the Letter to the Danbury Baptist are not just historical documents, but some of if not the most important documents of the history of our nation. Although, similar in many facets the intentions and the goal pursued by each highlight their individuality. The fact that the Declaration of Independence was the first to be implemented and signed is of significant importance as it set the pace and put in motion the proceeding documents thatRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence1972 Words   |  8 PagesThe Declaration of Independence brought America its independence, and it self, as well as our constitution. The declaration of independence had many positive effects on America. The Declaration of Independence is the usual name of a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. This stated that the thirteen American colonies, called themselves the thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and that they were no longer a part of the British Empire. Instead of staying in the BritishRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence3280 Words   |  14 PagesWho were the writers of the Declaration of Independence? Who are our founding fathers and where did they receive these great ideas? I will examine the main writer of the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson and look at the sources he used to begin our count ry. If Thomas Jefferson was a student at the United States Sergeant Major Academy, and he submitted his Declaration of Independence to turn it in would he pass? Were our founding fathers even great thinkers or were they just takingRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Its Independence1765 Words   |  8 PagesThe Declaration of Independence remains a sacred but a poorly understood document to numerous people. To understand the most significant issue found in the document itself, we must first observe the historical context behind the text itself. Commonly, the text itself represents a range of America’s efforts to create a new and independent society but what made Americans so prone to declare itself its independence? As the document reveals a list of issues that ultimately led civilians to free themselvesRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence1330 Words   |  6 Pagesparagraph of the most significant of all American historical documents, the Declaration of Indep endence. The very theory of natural rights dramatically influenced the conception of this starting paragraph. Natural rights is a political theory that strongly asserts that each individual who enters into any society possesses certain rights that no government can deny. The Declaration of Independence is a full and formal declaration adopted on July 4, 1776 by the representatives of the thirteen coloniesRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence1200 Words   |  5 Pages The Declaration of Independence is one of the most remarkable documents of the United States of America. The elaborate document contains almost fourteen-hundred words including a basic structure divided into two parts and within the two divided parts contains four main ideas within seven components. The declaration is not just any standard written document; it is a work of art painted by colonists who are driven by rage because of King George III of Great Britain injustices’ toward the coloniesRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence857 Words   |  4 PagesThe Declaration of Independence, written in 1776, has been interpreted and used many times by people throughout the 20th Century. The three most dominant are the Progressive, dominant during the first half, Neo-Whig, dominant during the middle half,and variant of the Neo-Whig, dominated during the last half. The interpretation that makes the most sense to me is the Neo-Whig. I agree with Neo-Whig because in that it is a â€Å"logical culmination of a decade-long pamphlet war† because if I were treated

Erik Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development - 929 Words

Psychoanalyst Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development explains how the human identity develops and evolves in eight stages from birth to death. Each one occurs in a predetermined order; the current stage builds upon the previous one and lays the groundwork for future stages (Wikimedia). Each stage has a specific â€Å"crisis† or conflict, a turning point in the individual’s life which must be reconciled before moving on to the next. If the conflict is handled well, the individual gains â€Å"ego strength† in the form of a corresponding virtue. If the conflict is handled poorly, the individual not only fails to develop that virtue, but his/her ability to complete later stages is hindered resulting in diminished â€Å"ego quality† or†¦show more content†¦I could see that I was spiraling into a deep depression, but I still cared enough to willingly relinquish the job that I had worked so hard to achieve, thus giving up on the bat tle of generativity vs. stagnation with neither a positive nor negative reconciliation. Rather than proceeding to the next stage, I was pushed back to intimacy vs. isolation, only this time I chose isolation. Even while surrounded by friends and family trying to console me, I had never felt more alone. I was surprised when their sympathy turned into impatience. When it took more than a few weeks for me to â€Å"get over it,† I was labeled a complainer. I quickly realized that no one truly understood what it was like to lose the one person in their life whom they are closest to. I became socially withdrawn, only speaking to a select few for fear of being an inconvenience. A few weeks later I was diagnosed with a rare neurological disability, further perpetuating my isolation. Somehow, I’ve convinced myself to pick up the pieces of my shattered life and move on because I know deep down that’s what Chad would have wanted me to do. It’s been over a year since the accident yet I still can’t imagine myself remarrying or even dating again. Unable to work, too young to be a widower, too hurt to start over; I’m trapped between the person society expects me to be and the person I have become. Writing this essay has helped me understand that before I canShow MoreRelated Erik Eriksons Theories of Psychosocial Development Regarding Aging and Development673 Words   |  3 PagesErik Erikson’s theories of development are among some of the best-known theories regarding aging and developing. Erikson divided the stages of life into eight categories: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair. Each stage offers its unique age frame and focus. Trust vs. mistrust happens between birth and 18 months of age. During this time, babiesRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1359 Words   |  6 Pages Erik Erikson â€Å"There is in every child at every stage a new miracle of vigorous unfolding.† And no matter who you are and what you do, I believe that everyone will go through stages in their life. Erik Erikson was a famous psychologist in the twentieth – century, where he developed â€Å"Psychosocial stages†. Erikson’s theories centered on issues that were met on specific ages in someone’s life. Love, care, and tender is critical and many parents do not realize how much nurturing and caring for a childRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory On Child Development1388 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory on Child Development Erik Erikson, a well known developmental theorist, developed his theory about stages of human development from birth to death by using Freud s work as a starting point. According to Erikson, personality develops in a series of stages. Erikson found out that children experience conflicts which affect their development. He described the internal conflict which children go through in developmental stages using the term ‘crisis’ and are based onRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory1518 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT This research paper will show a thorough review of Erik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory, specifically the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Psychosocial Development, according to Erik Erikson, is a continuity of crisis throughout our lifespan; these challenges will shape our personality and the way we perceive our surroundings. In addition to this, the different stages mentioned in this Theory complement each other and help us to develop the tools to achieve a sense ofRead MoreErik Erikson : Psychosocial Development1103 Words   |  5 PagesErik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages of Development â€Å"Erik Erikson was best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked and important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood events, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan† (Cherry). This paper will discuss Erikson’s childhood and the influence it had on his work. AlsoRead MoreEarly Childhood Psychosocial Development Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pages The development starts from infant until old age. Childhood is a time of tremendous change, but people also continue to grow slowly and develop during adulthood. It is a continuous process with a predictable sequence. These developmental changes may be influenced by genetic factor, environment factor and maturation factor. There are three types of human development changes: physical development, cognitive development and psychosocial development. Our group member’s choice is psychosocial developmentRead MoreThe Theorist I Choose For This Paper That I Believe I Relate1509 Words   |  7 Pagesmost is Erik Erikson. Erik Erikson is best known for his theory on identity, which was a theory that was broadened from Sigmund Freud while retaining its core work (Schultz, D. Schultz, S., 2013). Erik Erikson’s mother, who was Jewish, became pregnant but a man that was not her husband after her husband’s disappearance. She was sent to Germany, where she gave birth to Erik. Erik Erikson grew up believing his pediatrician was his biological father due to his mother marrying this man. Since Erik EriksonRead MoreIndustry Vs Inferiority Or Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory And Self-Adolency1444 Words   |  6 Pagesmore complete in describing what it takes for the grade school child to devel op mastery and competence, Erik Erikson Industry versus inferiority or Albert Bandura social learning theory and self-efficacy. Industry vs inferiority is stage four of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. Industry versus inferiority is the fourth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development. If the child cannot develop the specific skill they feel society is demanding (e.g., being athletic) thenRead MoreCompare and contrast the developmental life span theories742 Words   |  3 PagesUrie Bronfenbrenner perspective on lifespan development was the bio-ecological approach which suggest that five levels if the environment simultaneously influence indviduals. He tagged different aspects or levels of environment that influences a child’s development. Urie Bronfenbrenner five major systems are called microsystem; which is everyday immediate environment in which children lead their daily lives. Second is the mesosystem; which provides connections between the various aspects of the microsystemRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory Of Development1582 Words   |  7 Pag esErik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development Erik Erikson, a German psychologist of the early 1900s, is most known for his theory on psychosocial development in humans. He was heavily influenced by his work with Anna Freud and her father, Sigmund Freud. However, in his research, he put emphasis on the cultural and social impact on identity development and studying the ego, which he believed developed with successful crisis resolving throughout life (â€Å"Erikson’s Stages†, 2007). He proposed the

Psychological Therapy Family Therapy Free Essays

Family Therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on the relationship between family members or partners. While other type of therapy look at individual patients alone, family therapy brings family relationships into the picture. The goal of this therapy is to explore the relationships with other family members that may be the potential cause of the problem or problems of the identified patient (Exploring 503). We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological Therapy: Family Therapy or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are multiple approaches that a family therapist may take. Some of the major techniques include Structural Therapy, Conjoint Therapy, and Strategic Therapy. Structural Therapy, developed by Salvador Minuchin, focuses on the structure of the family including the relationship with siblings and parents. What makes Structural Therapy different from other forms of Family Therapy is that the therapist involved attempts to become very close to the family in which the identified patient/patients is/are in. This helps the therapist to understand on a deeper level the problems existing amongst the family. Conjoint Therapy tends to look at the duties that each individual in the family takes on and how they communicate amongst each other. This approach is more common among therapist. The most influential type of therapy, Strategic Therapy, was influenced by the work of Jay Haley. The therapist in this approach leads the therapy sessions by asking questions and starting discussions. This forward approach triggers feelings and actions from the family involved. Which ever approach the therapist takes, all are effective forms of therapy. In some cases, Family Therapy can be risky for therapists if the relationship between family members or couples is tense. Safety is the number one concern for therapist especially in earlier sessions of counseling (Effectiveness of Couple 1). Family therapy can be a very effective form of therapy if the family involved participates fully. The family bond is the most powerful social connection that an individual can have. That is why people with mental illness, substance abuse, or other disorders tend to have had relationship issues with their parents when they were younger. A close emotional tie with your family is key to living a healthy life free of substance abuse and/or risky behaviors. For this reason, Family Therapy can be very effective, especially for teenagers and younger children. One of the biggest issues amongst teenagers and their parents is lack of communication. Teens often live second lives that they tend to hide from their parents and siblings. If trying to solve family issues in individual therapy, the teen can say whatever he pleases about his family. However, when Family therapy is taking place, the teen’s actions and responses with the family can be seen firsthand and problems can then be solved. In Family Therapy, the therapist and induce communication among the family members which can lead to positive results. Communication is key. Once the family can learn to be honest with each other, whether it is the teenager and their parents, or the teenager and their sibling, problems caused by miscommunication can be eliminated. Family Therapy can also be useful for families who have children with mental disabilities. This type of therapy can help them understand what exactly their child is going through and how they need to adjust in order to make things better off. Dr. Josephson, a professor and chief of the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the University of Louisville School of Medicine, states that â€Å"family therapy can help parents adjust their behavior to best manage their child’s condition while a physician or mental health professional treats the child individually with medications or behavioral methods†(Family). Family Therapy can be a very effective form of therapy is because of its lasting effects. Family therapy can last anywhere from three months to three years. However, no matter how long the therapy is, families tend to stay in a well-balanced healthy relationship with each other. When parents see how communication can easily solve family issues, they feel empowered to fix future problems using the same techniques they learned from their family therapy sessions. This allows families to have long lasting hearty relationship. A major sub category of Family Therapy is marriage counseling. According to Dr. Aliso Viejo, less than 5% of divorcing couples actually seek marriage counseling (The Benefits 1). The more common reasons that couples attend marriage counseling include poor communication, financial issues, sexual problems, parenting conflicts, infidelity, anger and substance abuse (Effectiveness 2). However, marriage-counseling uses the same techniques described earlier. Therapist attempt to improve communication and the relationship between partners, instead of attempting to fix individual problems. However, there are exceptions to this. If on of the partners is a heavy alcohol consumer, the therapist may suggest that the person attend substance abuse meetings or counseling. According to AAMFT, or The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, 98% of couples that go through marriage counseling report positive results (Effectiveness 1). With that said, some relationships are just not meant to be and counseling or therapy may be useless. This usually occurs when married couples are seeing other partners secretly and want to end a marriage as soon as they possibly can. Family therapy can be a very effective approach for seeking out problems due to miscommunication amongst a household. Not only does Family Therapy fix the identified patients problem, but the family, whether it is a husband and his spouse or a 5 member family, is better off. The family can also improve their relational skills with each other and even people outside of the family. Either way, when multiple people are working together to fix a problem among a family, positive results will be seen in a shorter amount of time. Works Cited Aliso, Viejo, Dr. â€Å"The Benefits of Marriage Counseling. † Healthy Exchange (2012): n. pag. Print. Carolla, Michael. Effectiveness of Couples Therapy. † Journal of Marraige and Family Therapy (2003): n. pag. Print. Graffenreid, Ellen. â€Å"Family Therapy Is Effective Treatment Tool for Children for Substance Abuse and Conduct Disorders. † Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 12 Aug. 2005. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. http://www. medicalnewstoday. com/releases/29014. php. Myers, David G. Exploring Psychology. New York, NY: Worth, 2011. Print. Ne rfer, Barb. â€Å"Effectiveness of Marriage Counseling. † Family Health (2012): 33-35. Print. How to cite Psychological Therapy: Family Therapy, Essays

Psychological Therapy Family Therapy Free Essays

Family Therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on the relationship between family members or partners. While other type of therapy look at individual patients alone, family therapy brings family relationships into the picture. The goal of this therapy is to explore the relationships with other family members that may be the potential cause of the problem or problems of the identified patient (Exploring 503). We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological Therapy: Family Therapy or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are multiple approaches that a family therapist may take. Some of the major techniques include Structural Therapy, Conjoint Therapy, and Strategic Therapy. Structural Therapy, developed by Salvador Minuchin, focuses on the structure of the family including the relationship with siblings and parents. What makes Structural Therapy different from other forms of Family Therapy is that the therapist involved attempts to become very close to the family in which the identified patient/patients is/are in. This helps the therapist to understand on a deeper level the problems existing amongst the family. Conjoint Therapy tends to look at the duties that each individual in the family takes on and how they communicate amongst each other. This approach is more common among therapist. The most influential type of therapy, Strategic Therapy, was influenced by the work of Jay Haley. The therapist in this approach leads the therapy sessions by asking questions and starting discussions. This forward approach triggers feelings and actions from the family involved. Which ever approach the therapist takes, all are effective forms of therapy. In some cases, Family Therapy can be risky for therapists if the relationship between family members or couples is tense. Safety is the number one concern for therapist especially in earlier sessions of counseling (Effectiveness of Couple 1). Family therapy can be a very effective form of therapy if the family involved participates fully. The family bond is the most powerful social connection that an individual can have. That is why people with mental illness, substance abuse, or other disorders tend to have had relationship issues with their parents when they were younger. A close emotional tie with your family is key to living a healthy life free of substance abuse and/or risky behaviors. For this reason, Family Therapy can be very effective, especially for teenagers and younger children. One of the biggest issues amongst teenagers and their parents is lack of communication. Teens often live second lives that they tend to hide from their parents and siblings. If trying to solve family issues in individual therapy, the teen can say whatever he pleases about his family. However, when Family therapy is taking place, the teen’s actions and responses with the family can be seen firsthand and problems can then be solved. In Family Therapy, the therapist and induce communication among the family members which can lead to positive results. Communication is key. Once the family can learn to be honest with each other, whether it is the teenager and their parents, or the teenager and their sibling, problems caused by miscommunication can be eliminated. Family Therapy can also be useful for families who have children with mental disabilities. This type of therapy can help them understand what exactly their child is going through and how they need to adjust in order to make things better off. Dr. Josephson, a professor and chief of the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the University of Louisville School of Medicine, states that â€Å"family therapy can help parents adjust their behavior to best manage their child’s condition while a physician or mental health professional treats the child individually with medications or behavioral methods†(Family). Family Therapy can be a very effective form of therapy is because of its lasting effects. Family therapy can last anywhere from three months to three years. However, no matter how long the therapy is, families tend to stay in a well-balanced healthy relationship with each other. When parents see how communication can easily solve family issues, they feel empowered to fix future problems using the same techniques they learned from their family therapy sessions. This allows families to have long lasting hearty relationship. A major sub category of Family Therapy is marriage counseling. According to Dr. Aliso Viejo, less than 5% of divorcing couples actually seek marriage counseling (The Benefits 1). The more common reasons that couples attend marriage counseling include poor communication, financial issues, sexual problems, parenting conflicts, infidelity, anger and substance abuse (Effectiveness 2). However, marriage-counseling uses the same techniques described earlier. Therapist attempt to improve communication and the relationship between partners, instead of attempting to fix individual problems. However, there are exceptions to this. If on of the partners is a heavy alcohol consumer, the therapist may suggest that the person attend substance abuse meetings or counseling. According to AAMFT, or The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, 98% of couples that go through marriage counseling report positive results (Effectiveness 1). With that said, some relationships are just not meant to be and counseling or therapy may be useless. This usually occurs when married couples are seeing other partners secretly and want to end a marriage as soon as they possibly can. Family therapy can be a very effective approach for seeking out problems due to miscommunication amongst a household. Not only does Family Therapy fix the identified patients problem, but the family, whether it is a husband and his spouse or a 5 member family, is better off. The family can also improve their relational skills with each other and even people outside of the family. Either way, when multiple people are working together to fix a problem among a family, positive results will be seen in a shorter amount of time. Works Cited Aliso, Viejo, Dr. â€Å"The Benefits of Marriage Counseling. † Healthy Exchange (2012): n. pag. Print. Carolla, Michael. Effectiveness of Couples Therapy. † Journal of Marraige and Family Therapy (2003): n. pag. Print. Graffenreid, Ellen. â€Å"Family Therapy Is Effective Treatment Tool for Children for Substance Abuse and Conduct Disorders. † Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 12 Aug. 2005. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. http://www. medicalnewstoday. com/releases/29014. php. Myers, David G. Exploring Psychology. New York, NY: Worth, 2011. Print. Ne rfer, Barb. â€Å"Effectiveness of Marriage Counseling. † Family Health (2012): 33-35. Print. How to cite Psychological Therapy: Family Therapy, Essays

Human Resource Management Set of Policies and Procedures

Question: Discuss the set of policies and procedures that can be aligned with HR goals and objectives. Importance of collaboration between HR and department managers when filling open positions? Answer: Set of policies and procedures that can be aligned with HR goals and objectives: Goals and objectives provide organizations with a blueprint that determines a course of action and aids them in preparing for future changes. A goal can be defined as a future state that an organization or individual strives to achieve. For each goal that an organization sets, it also sets objectives. An objective is a short-term target with measurable results. Without clearly-defined goals and objectives, organizations will have trouble coordinating activities andforecastingfuture events. According to Barney and Griffin, organizational goals serve four basic functions; they provide guidance and direction, facilitate planning, motivate and inspire employees, and help organizations evaluate and control performance. Organizational goals inform employees where the organization is going and how it plans to get there. When employees need to make difficult decisions, they can refer to the organization's goals for guidance. Goals promote planning to determine how goals will be achieved. Employees often set goals in order to satisfy a need; thus, goals can be motivational and increase performance. Evaluation and control allows an organization to compare its actual performance to its goals and then make any necessary adjustments. According to Locke and Latham, goals affect individual performance through four mechanisms. First, goals direct action and effort toward goal-related activities and away from unrelated activities. Second, goals energize employees. Challenging goals lead to higher employee effort than easy goals. Third, goals affect persistence. Employees exert more effort to achieve high goals. Fourth, goals motivate employees to use their existing knowledge to attain a goal or to acquire the knowledge needed to do so (Dessler, 2000). The goal-setting model indicates that individuals have needs and values that influence what they desire. A need is defined as a lack of something desirable or useful. According to Maslow's hierarchyof needs, all individuals possess the same basic needs. Individuals do, however, differ in their values. Values are defined as a group of attitudes about a concept that contains a moral quality of like or dislike and acceptable or unacceptable. Values determine whether a particular outcome is rewarding. Employees compare current conditions to desired conditions in order to determine if they are satisfied and fulfilled. If an employee finds that he or she is not satisfied with the current situation, goal setting becomes a way of achieving what he or she wants. To examine a significant way that the Joint Commission has influenced the basic functions of HRM: Health care industry employees in hospitals and in nursing homes are aligned and challenged to maintain the new processes and procedures o that to maintain the life of the people. The extra time and resources must be able to be gained from joint commission (formerly the joint commission on Accreditation of Health care Organizations). This is not only an accreditation agency in the health care industry but also the largest and most popular and prestigious as well. Hospitals and other health care providers provide with the highest level of performances and service to their patients as well. The reasons to seek for joint commission accreditation is mainly to provide a competitive edge in the marketplace and also to provide professional advice so that it can successfully boost the staff recruitment and development as well. The main goal of the Joint Commissions survey is to evaluate the healthcare organization along with promoting and providing education and guidance that can help the st aff to continue to improve the performance of the organization as well. This helps to gain an insight into a few key benefits of Joint Commission accreditation. Therefore it helps to increase the ability to recruit and retain high performing clinical and administrative staff as well (Holland and Stocks, 2015). Importance of collaboration between HR and department managers when filling open positions: A companys human resources department is the connection that takes place between its people and every department under its roof. An HR department have to take care of all the HR department and have to take care of all the departments as well. An HR department takes care of the entire payroll processing of a company and also addresses all the related compliance issues to do the relevant research and paperwork as well. An HR department cannot alone withstand in any company. It needs the help and support from all the related other departments as well. HR professionals have a great deal of specialized knowledge regarding human capital, financial planning and other important elements that make a business successful. Nowadays it is common scenario that the HR and financial departments are to work together. HR executives are having a great deal of information about what can be the estimated costs so that the company is able to build an effective workforce and a better system of management a s well. These expenses are considered to be a major part of the companys budget as well (Ma and Ye, 2015). A detailed outline of a training program for managers: A training plan is a detailed document that helps in guiding the planning and delivery of instruction. Training can take place one-on-one or in groups, in person or also online. A well developed training plan will allow to prepare for delivering of thorough and effective classes. There are few strategies to develop a training plan. Consider the goals of your organization.The purpose of the training may be to prepare employees for emergencies, improve business offerings or protect the privacy of clients. Identify the benefits for trainees.Outline the skills, information and certifications that participants will gain by undergoing the training. These might include mastery of specific software applications, detailed knowledge of company policies and procedures, or enhanced customer service skills. Indicate which individuals and groups will participate in the training.Your training may be organization-wide, geared toward a single department or designed specifically for entry-level employees. Group the trainees by training type.For example, some members of the organization may need simple overviews, whereas others involved in the day-to-day completion of tasks may require in-depth training. To determine most significant factor that should be considered in order to develop compensation and benefit plan that is fair, competitive, and aligned with the organizations strategic objectives: The design process is started by identifying desired outcomes and goals for your organization. This is often referred to as developing your compensation philosophy. Your philosophy is formed by considering a number of factors. The balance of direct and indirect rewards, the complexity and responsibility of a role and the candidate or employee filling it, as well as your focus on internal versus external equity are just few factors explored in this section. It is the ability to achieve results that is critical to organizational success. To develop a competitive advantage in a global economy, the compensation program of the organization must support totally the strategic plans and actions of the organization." Labor costs greatly affect competitive advantage because they represent a large portion of a company's operating budget. By effectively controlling these costs, a firm can achieve cost leadership. The impact of labor costs on competitive advantage is particularly strong in service and other labor-intensive organizations, where employers spend between 40 and 80 cents of each revenue dollar on such costs. This means that for each dollar of revenue generated, as much as 80 cents may go to employee pay and benefits (McDermott and Keating, 2011) Recommend a performance appraisal method that you believe would be the most effective for the organization. A performance appraisal meeting is the most important component of a performance appraisal. After the rater uses the companys appraisal form to evaluate the performance of the rate, both sides meet to discuss positive and negative instances of performance. Thus, the meeting serves as the key medium through which the rater gives feedback to the rate. The goal of providing performance feedback is to help the rate solve performance problems and to motivate the employee to change behavior. Conducting this meeting is often stressful for both parties, and training managers in providing performance feedback may be useful to deal with the stress of the managers as well as creating a more positive experience for both parties. In the most effective meetings, feedback is presented in a constructive manner. Instead of criticizing the person, the focus should be on discussing the performance problems and aiding the employee in resolving these problems. By moving the focus of the conversation from the person to the behaviors, employee defensiveness may be reduced. When the supervisor is constructive, employees develop a more positive view of the appraisal system. Another approach to increasing the effectiveness of appraisal meetings is to increase employee participation. When employees have the opportunity to present their side of the story, they react more positively to the appraisal process and feel that the system is fair. Finally, supervisors should be knowledgeable about the employees performance. When it becomes clear that the person doing the evaluation has little understanding of the job being performed by the employee, reactions tend to be more negative (Shen, 2015). References: Dessler, G. (2000).Human resource management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Holland, S., Stocks, D. (2015). Trust and Its Role in the Medical Encounter.Health Care Anal. doi:10.1007/s10728-015-0293-z Keating, L., Heslin, P. (2015). The potential role of mindsets in unleashing employee engagement.Human Resource Management Review. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2015.01.008 Ma, L., Ye, M. (2015). The Role of Electronic Human Resource Management in Contemporary Human Resource Management.JSS,03(04), 71-78. doi:10.4236/jss.2015.34009 Mathis, R., Jackson, J. (2003).Human resource management. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-western. McDermott, A., Keating, M. (2011). Managing professionals: exploring the role of the hospital HR function.J Of Health Org And Mgt,25(6), 677-692. doi:10.1108/14777261111178556 Mondy, R., Noe, R., Gowan, M. (2005).Human resource management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Shen, J. (2015). Principles and Applications of Multilevel Modeling in Human Resource Management Research.Human Resource Management, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1002/hrm.21666 Tharenou, P. (2015). Researching expatriate types: the quest for rigorous methodological approaches.Human Resource Management Journal,25(2), 149-165. doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12070

How to Write a Scholarship Essay

How to Write a Scholarship Essay A vast majority of scholarship programs applications require personal statements i.e. essays or motivational letters. It’s very rare to find a scholarship program that is based on college (or high school) transcript and application form. Your essay gives the scholarship committee a brief insight into your personality and dedication towards the achievement of your goals. This is the part where you get to showcase your knowledge, vocabulary, and let them know what makes you ideal person for that program and best essay help you will  find on this site.  With that being said, it’s important to do your best and ensure the essay you compose represents all your tremendous potential to achieve great things. Unless it’s specified otherwise, most scholarship essays should have the following format: Times New Roman font Font size: 12 One-inch top, bottom, and side margins Double-spaced 500 words In order to write a high-quality essay, you should follow tips listed below. Step 1 In most cases, you’ll get a specific topic that usually asks you to demonstrate the cases when you had to showcase your leadership or innovation skills and whether it had a difference. The choice of the topic sometimes depends on the study program. Regardless of the statement you get, you shouldn’t read it only once. Reread it a couple of times to identify the key themes and make sure you understand the topic. Step 2 Scratch under the surface to demonstrate depth. For instance, if you have to write about cases when you demonstrated leadership, it doesn’t necessarily mean the position itself. It means you should focus on changes you have made and how others responded to them. The more depth your essay includes, the more you showcase your abilities. Step 3 Use specific keywords from the essay statement throughout the text, but make sure you don’t overdo it. Also, use the jargon characteristic for certain program. For example, if you’re applying for Faculty of Business and Economics program, you should use the jargon specific for that niche. On the other hand, if you’re applying for Faculty of Arts, your essay should contain terms used to refer to different art aspects and so on. This doesn’t necessarily mean the essay should be overcrowded with these terms; their primary purpose is to show you’re in control of that specific field and eager to learn more. Step 4 Make sure the very beginning of the essay is engaging and interesting. It’s supposed to be the hook that will catch the committee’s attention. You can freely use a quote that you find perfect for that topic and link it to the body of your essay, but if you get inspired to use your own words instead of someone else’s, it’s even better. Step 5 Try contacting someone who had to write an essay for some specific study program in order to find out more about essay criteria that committee uses to evaluate the quality of applications. Let’s say you want to apply for a program of Social and Political Science. The essay should demonstrate your take on the world, current affairs, as well as to address your potential to make a difference in education and academic success. It’s important to show a deep understanding of the entire niche, society, and the world around you. Useful tips to use Follow instructions closely regarding topic, word count, and formatting Don’t use a thesaurus to find synonyms of the words you normally use. Ideally, you should never use words that you don’t know. Writing essay isn’t the time when you should risk inclusion of wrong words at the wrong moment. Although you should showcase your vocabulary, it’s important to stick to the words you do know Don’t use sentences such as â€Å"In this essay, I will†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Writing style should be concise, precise, and specific. Every word should contribute to the text Take enough time to research and adapt the essay to the specific study program you’re applying for Make it personal and passionate, committee members don’t want generic essays when you discuss the topic in a general manner, they want YOUR opinion and they want to find out more about things that YOU can do.

Adrenaline Air Sports background and recommendations Essays

Adrenaline Air Sports background and recommendations Essays Adrenaline Air Sports background and recommendations Essay Adrenaline Air Sports background and recommendations Essay The case is the study of Adrenaline Air Sports and their attempts to grow from a new start-up company a few years ago. The company has many different internal and external environment issues that they need to overcome if they wish to continue to grow. Sky Diving is a sport that is growing by about 2% per year. The external environment for consists of being in an area far away from major population areas to draw from to support their need for new skydivers. The town the company is in is a small resort town but does get 10,000 new visitors per week during the high season. They are within 40 miles of a population base of 120,000 people in the Roanoke area. In addition, about an hour and half drive away is the college town of Blacksburg, which has a population of about 40,000 people plus an additional enrollment of 25,000 students. Students are the greatest percentage of first time customers but rarely make a second jump due to costs. The Greensboro area of North Carolina is 80 miles sou th. First time students and those that continue to get license are the biggest moneymakers for the company. Only 3 percent of first time skydivers return and those that do tend to stay in the sport, so it is key to get more to return since they have the highest profit margin. Adrenaline Air Sports has two main competitors that are located 120 miles northeast of them that compete for the people in the Roanoke area. Although further away, they provide more open times and bigger and faster airplanes that can go to higher altitudes and thus command higher fees. They also are both open year round on weekends and in the high season are open at least four days a week. In addition, there are two additional competitors that are much further away that Adrenaline would only really need to worry about for his serious skydive customers and he can use as a basis for setting costs. Adrenaline Air Sports costs for parachuting is on the whole a little lower then both its competitors. The scenery of his skydiving area is another plus. The internal environment has several issues. All employees are part timers including the owner and many have issues working more then the weekends that the company is currently open. The owner, Billy Cockrell, works Monday to Friday and cannot begin work at Adrenaline until after 7 pm on Friday at the earliest. One issue is that he only has one video camera operator so can only film one new person per flight. In addition, people do not get their videos until late Sunday and since most new student reservations are made on Monday most people do not get to see that video until the following weekend. Billy Cockrell does have allot of serious skydivers who would be willing to come to work for him if he asked. Another issue is the equipment available to the company. Currently they have two Cessna 182 that can accommodate up to four parachutists each at one time. These planes take longer to reach higher altitudes so the company limits jumps to 10,000 feet maximum. Even at this lower altitude, these planes turn around times are longer then their competition. Another equipment logjam during the high season is the amount of parachutes. The company currently only has four tandem and two accelerated free-fall parachutes. Conclusions: My major finding is that the company needs to grow and find other ways to increase revenue and profit margins. I believe the company has two main options. One is to continue to operate the company as a part time business with the same amount of planes but to extend their weekends to include Fridays and Mondays to accommodate more skydivers. The benefits of this would be that they would not need to buy an expensive new larger plane but could take advantage of more operating time. The downside of this would be finding employees to work longer hours since this is a second job for most of them including the owner. The Second option would be to buy a larger plane that would allow a greater number of jumpers, higher altitudes and faster turn around. This option would probably require that the company to go full time. By doing this they would also need to extend the weekends in high season but would have higher profit margins and hourly revenue. They would also need more parachutes for rent. They would probably need to raise prices a bit to afford this high capital expenditure. They would also need to advertise more to get enough people to fill the new plane. Possibly selling one of the Cessna 182 would help alleviate the cost of the larger plane. Recommendation: Although the first option allows for slow growth of the company without having to make it a full time enterprise, I believe the next step for this company is to operate as a fulltime company. The first option does not increase the hourly revenue and you still have issues with how to get more of the higher revenue beginner personnel. The company has a talent pool of many serious skydivers who would be willing to work for the company. To take advantage of this, they need to get a larger plane and increase revenues per hour and also extend their days during the season. The companys growth rate in its first few years shows that the demand is there. This would require going out and finding more first time jumpers and initiating programs to get them to return again. One way would be to move up the free jump to the second or third jump. If you can get them back for three jumps they will probably keep coming back. In addition they need to add at least one more video person since this is a mo neymaker and a great form of advertising.

Individualsm and collectivism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individualsm and collectivism - Assignment Example Collectivism advocates for the importance of social groups always having cohesion. Therefore collectivists will focus mainly on the society or the nation or even the community and not on individuals (Donohue, 1995, p.7). In the United States, individualism and collectivism can be seen in many ways. Individualism can be dated back to the 17th and 18th century in United States. A perfect event of individualism in American history was the frontier. A person was believed to fail or to succeed based on their own individual effort. Many people actually died during this period trying to prove to them that they can be individualists in the frontier farms and the forests. Certain people like Franklin and Washington succeeded based on their own intelligence and ambition and they are perfect examples of individualism (Kim, 1994, p.23). Collectivism is something that was mainly practiced in United States after the world war. Events like United States gaining its independence from Europe in 1776 also shows that individualism worked really well for America. Today, United States wants to be a bigger part of something by practicing collectivism. An event of collectivism in United States was the political system whi ch happened to be representative democracy. In such an event when a president is elected by the majority the people are all expected to embrace their new leader. An ideal case in point would be the choice of Barack Obama as the president in 2012. The totality of the votes casted in the college showed the collectivism of the people in the election of the president (Kitayama, & Cohen, 2007, p.259). In the real world experience some people believe that individual work is what will make them successful while others believe working collectively in a society is what will bring about success. These two aspects help one understand the cultural differences of people. In individualist culture they put the

Network Security Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Network Security Planning - Assignment Example White (2001) defines Cisco SAFE as architecture in security that offers guidelines for modular networks design approach (Cisco, 2010). This approach makes its ease for network designers to understand relationships thus proceed to execute security based on one module after the other unlike the traditional approach of implementing one broad approach for the entire enterprise. Despite its advantage of maximizing control and visibility, Cisco SAFE has limitations and this paper explores these limitations in detail and their impacts on network security. With Cisco SAFE, denial of service attacks is a widespread threat especially for organizations that do not implement protocol analysis in network security design. With poor protocol analysis, the network lacks significant pattern matching with IDS guaranteeing that the rules of each protocol are followed and this results to sending of both protocol related and unrelated data streams. Consequently, traffic is not valid and is an attack that bypasses security systems or an attack crashing the system due to invalid data presence in the intended system. DoS is overcome by ensuring that IDS in Cisco SAFE has the right knowledge of ordinary system protocols like UDP, TCP, FTP, and HTTP. A second limitation is distributed denial-of-service (DDoS). Without proper configuration of Cisco’s firewall Intrusion Detection System (IDS), organizational networks are subject to DDoS attacks preventing networks from bandwidth access (World, 2002). DDoS attacks consume entire business network bandwidth by attackers while Cisco IDS offers distinctive protection against DDoS by detecting attacks proactively and mitigate them. However, Cisco IDS requires configuration after router configuration to enable it to identify and block attacks prior to the occurrence of intrusion or unauthorized transactions and this calls for effective configuration of Cisco IDS. For any

The Kill Of Stephen Lawrence Sociology Essay

The Kill Of Stephen Lawrence Sociology Essay Although the killing of Stephen Lawrence in 1993 was one of the few racist murders in British history to result in extensive media coverage, a public investigation and a change in the law, the reporting of black crime in the United Kingdom has remained subject to distortion and moral panic, especially in the conservative tabloid press. Since Lawrence and his family were portrayed as aspiring members of the middle class, the media in general did not really regard him as part of black culture at all, at least as the media has defined it over the last thirty years: guns, drugs, gangs, street crime, poverty and school drop outs (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 263). Therefore, despite much sound and fury, there is no evidence that Lawrences murder and its aftermath led to fundamental change in the systematic racism of the British media, and other institutions such as the police and education system. Nor is there evidence that the racist ideology that is used towards blacks, immigrants, Mus lims and asylum-seekers has disappeared as a resultfar from it. This dissertation will consider the definition of racism as socially and historically constructed, and part of the institutions and ideology of society, and then examine how it has applied to the treatment blacks and other ethnic minorities in the UK since the 1940s, focusing on the Lawrence case and its aftermath. Finally, it will consider whether racism in the media has gradually been transferred to other targets in the wake of the attacks of September 11, 2001 and July 2005, with less emphasis on street crime, gangs, drugs and the crack wars of the 1970s-90s. This does not mean that young black males are no longer the target of racist stereotyping in the media, since as late as 2007 even a committee of the House of Commons agreed that they still were, only that racist impulses and ideologies seem to go through phases in which certain targets receive more attention than others (House of Commons, 2007) CHAPTER 1.1: WHY THIS TOPIC IS INTERESTING TO ME This topic first came to my attention several months ago during the summer, when it seemed that everyday young people were being killed by young males carrying knives. At the time the newspapers that covered these stories made it seem that it was only young black males that carried knives and the problem that the police had to deal with was not that of a few individuals who were carrying and using knives but that of a wider more prevalent issue with black culture. At the time of reading these stories I found it quite strange that over time the underlying story seemed to be the same but the details had changed. For example, I remember not too long ago, it was young black males that were most likely to mug you, it was young black males dealing drugs on estates and young black males being involved in gang shooting (McLaughlin and Murji,2001, p 265). These acts seemed to, in my opinion come in waves. Due to reports like these, the general public is of the assumption that young black males are very dangerous individuals and should be feared (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 265). I wanted to find out whether the newspapers and the media in general were justified in their approach on reporting black crime or whether they are scare-mongering for the sake of sales. CHAPTER 1.2: AIMS As stated above, the main aim of this dissertation would be to see if in fact the general media are in fact correct in the way in which they report crime or do they fuel public panic, and in turn fuel racism. I would like to find out whether the media is helping or hindering the general publics understanding of black people. Also, I hope that my research will enable me to answer questions on the way media is used and misused. In addition to that, I would like to find out whether the events that took place that lend to Stephen Lawrences murder was a turning point in the way that journalist conduct their articles and if after the Macpherson report has anything changed. Lastly I would like to find out if I am right in my assumption that the way in which the media (especially the tabloid press) have place black people on the back burner for the time being, and are concentrating on other ethnic minorities, such as Asian etc. CHAPTER1.3: POSTMODERNIST THEORY ON RACISM The term postmodernism is generally over used, as just about everything has a postmodern twist to it. For example the term postmodern can be used to describe music, art, architecture, film etc, but as well as all these, it is a sociological school of thought. According to Giddens postmodernism is the belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress. Postmodern society is highly pluralistic and diverse, with no grand narrative guiding its development (Giddens, 2006, p1029). According to the postmodernist Ramon Flecha, racism is described as describes a condition wherein racial and ethnic differences become incommensurable and subjects fail to address the important issue of inequality in the face of difference (Gillborn and Ladson-Billings, 2004, p123). When one takes a closer look at history, one will realize that there is a major paradox in European imperialism. As colonisers, one of their goals was to disseminate their culture in their colonies. However, Singh believes that European cultural imperialism was dedicated to denying the colonised subject any identity other than one which that renders him/her a non-person (Singh, 2006, p 7). This cultural invasion happens when the invaders impose their own beliefs and views on another group and make them inferior by suppressing their creativity and expression (Freire, 1970, p 151). Colonisers have propagated their culture among their colonies but many of them still emphasized the importance of drawing a lin e between them and their colony. They regard their culture as superior to that of their colonies. It is this difference where postmodernist beliefs of racism are founded upon. In Murphy and Choi, it is defined as a myriad of practices that are designed to subjugate a large segment of the population (Murphy and Choi, 1997, p3). In postmodernist belief, differences are recognized just as long as each racial group acts according to their race. Postmodernism racism puts more emphasis on the segregation rather than the hierarchy. With respect to the racism that existed fifty or a hundred years ago, postmodern racism recognizes multiculturalism and diversity. Old theories on racism were centred more on hierarchy and which race was more superior to the other. But times of crisis and uncertainty over the course of social and economic change have often proved to be the periods in which new racist ideas and movements have emerged and provided basis for social mobilisation and exclusion (Solomos and Back, 1996, p 211). So therefore over the past 50 years it is clear to see that anytime the re was an incident of economic, social or health related down turns, ethnic minorities have been have been thrust into the limelight, in a way that could be described as negative. In the 70s and 80s it was black men who were a social menace, then in the 90s refugees from the former Yugoslavia were blamed for the lack of public housing and any subsequent rises in welfare benefits. Now in the 00s, with the west waging a war against terror people of Asian descent are now referred to as terrorist. However, postmodern racism is not any different from the old racist beliefs. According to Leonardo, postmodern racism simply assumes the guise of tolerance only to be usurped by relativism, a proliferation of differences rather than a levelling of power relations (Leonardo, 2009, p216). It was stated earlier that times of crisis have prompted racist ideas to change but they have only changed in theory. Reality states that they have essentially remained the same, crimes motivated by racist beliefs have proven that up to the present, racial supremacy still lingers in peoples minds. Lawrences murder is one of the few racially-motivated crimes that have been publicized. But it required a careful effort from the media to publicize his death. His economic background, for instance, was taken into consideration. Other black victims of racially-motivated crimes, for instance, do not receive sufficient publicity because the journalists thought that their image as a vagrant would not illicit a sympathetic response from the public (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 276). Stephen Lawrence was the opposite because he came from a middle class family and his family was not, as stereotypes would say, the typical black family everyone feared. The discrepancy between the medias treatment of Stephen Lawrence and Duwayne Brooks respective murders will easily reveal how media still holds racist beliefs. Moreover, it goes to show that media is sensitive to the fact that the general populace is still governed by old racist beliefs that there are certain races that are superior to the other. Postmodern racism, then, does not completely hold true and it may only be a sugar-coated version of the old-fashioned 19th century racism. CHAPTER 1.4: STRUCTURE Firstly I will be looking in to the methodology that is to be used in this dissertation as well as any ethically issues that may arise from doing research and writing up my dissertation. In chapter 3, I will be looking at the background history of black people in the United Kingdom and the media. In chapter 4, I will be looking in depth at the Stephen Lawrence case and asking whether Lawrence was a turning point in media reporting and the publics perception of young black males in general. I will then be covering in chapter 4.1, when the media circus surrounding Lawrence died down whether the media returned to their old ways of racially biased reporting or did the Macpherson report make a difference in the institution that in the media world. Finally in chapter 5, I will conclude and make any recommendations that are fitting. After this the references will follow. CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY This dissertation is a library based dissertation so therefore it uses secondary research as I feel primary research would not be suitable for this dissertation. I will be concentrating on collecting all my information from books, journals and publications that focusing on media reporting of the Stephen Lawrence case, history of black people in the UK and post Stephen Lawrence. CHAPTER 2.1: ETHICAL ISSUES Racism is a delicate issue and if the research is not conducted properly, the outcome could possibly be dangerous to all parties involved in the research, whether they are a minority ethnic group or not. It is therefore important that I must be sensitive towards the needs and safety of those who would likely to be involve in the study (Babbie, 2008, p 440). As this essay will be library based researched I must make sure that whilst conducting the research and evaluating my findings, I am as transparent as possible. I must also make sure that throughout the research and evaluation process I am aware of the studys objectivities and other significant details, therefore reducing any clear bias, which in turn would allow my work to be clear and objective. Also, I must make sure that whenever I quote anything it must be written in context and that I dont plagiarise. To make sure this doesnt happen I will make sure that all my references are correctly stated. And finally I will make sure t hat if during my research I find articles that disagree with any statements I have made are noted not ignored. CHAPTER 3: RACISM IN GREAT BRITAIN: THE MEDIA AND BLACK BRITISH HISTORY For the British media, especially the conservative, mass market tabloids, blacks have been defined by images of black crime for decades, especially as the economy began to decline in the 1970s as unemployment, poverty and social pathology increased in the declining industrial cities. If black crime has always been defined as a social problem in the media, racist attacks by whites against minorities almost never was before the Stephen Lawrence Family Campaign (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 263). From a purely capitalist view as well, crime reports are among the most headline-catching of news commodities and media everywhere in the world follow the somewhat cynical principle of if it bleeds, it leads. Crime journalists almost invariably take their cue from the police as experts on the subject and also depend of police contacts for their very livelihoods, providing them a routine and predictable source of newsworthy stories. Naturally, crime journalists never want to alienate that sourc e and end up left out in the cold, for the economics of the news business is a particularly raw, competitive form of capitalism (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 264). Van Dijk studied 2,755 headlines in the British press in 1985-86 from The Times, The Guardian, Daily Telegraph, Mail and Sun, and found that except for The Guardian, almost all the reporting about blacks and other minorities was seldom positive, occasionally neutral, and often negative (Van Dijk, 1991, p52). After the major shift in both fictional and news coverage of crime in the 1960s and 1970s, there were increasing complaints from the elderly, minorities and young people in general about how they were depicted. Elderly citizens were shown as muggable and disempowered, while the young and minorities felt like they were continually portrayed as dangerous youth, potential perpetrators of crime, and thus welcomed films and news stories with a civil rights focus and the questioning of police authority. On the other hand, young women were more aware of their possible victim status, particularly their vulnerability to male violence, and so welcomed coverage of such crimes, which had been mostly ignored before the 1960s (Reiner et al, 2000, p 120). In general, the cultural shift of the 1960s and 1970s has not been reversed in films and news accounts in the more conservative era of the 1980s and 1990s: there is still far more depiction of sex, drugs, violence, corrupt and tarnished authority figures than before 1965, and also an increasing tendency toward more anarchic and nihilistic violence or a Hobbesian war of all against all, mixed occasionally with more reactionary and nostalgic themes. Overall, the post-1960s media and film culture has remained less deferential and more de-subordinate and demystified than it was before 1965 (Reiner et al:, 2000, p121-22). For decades the British media portrayed Britain as a white society with a minority and immigration problem. Accordingly, the coloured population is seen as some kind of aberration, a problem, or just an oddity. One of the most popular BBC television programmes in 1958-78 was The Black and White Minstrel Show, supposedly set in the Deep South of the U.S., featuring actors blacked up. As late as 1998, only 2% of journalists in England and Wales were Arab, Asian or black even though these minorities made up 5.26% of the population, and the media often remained blind to ethnic minorities (Wilson et al, 2003, p 21). According to the British Social Attitudes Survey of 2003, 31% of white admitted to being racist, about the same percentage as 1987, and many people also practised aversion racism in which they believed intellectually in equality but at the same time felt aversion toward minorities with negative stereotypes, and thus avoided interaction with them if possible (Crisp and Turner, 2007, p 162-65). In the media, blacks became synonymous with drugs, gangs and street crime, and misleading police statistics asserted that young black males were the majority of street criminals, generally unemployed and on welfare. Equally untrue in the standard media portrayal, their victims were often white, female and elderly (McLaughlin and Murji:, 2001, p265). Abercrombie and Warde agree that a conception of the black community as particularly crime-prone took hold in the 1970s in press treatments of attacks on and thefts from, innocent people in the streets. In 1983 The Sun actually ran a headline Black Crime Shock and stated falsely that blacks carried twice as many muggings as white sin London last year (Webster, 2006, p 32). In general, the media conveyed the image that the attackers were predominantly black and the victims predominantly white, no matter that there was no evidence for this. Just the opposite, the British Crime Survey of 1988 and 1992 showed conclusively that ethnic minoriti es are much more likely, in fact, to be the victims of crime than white people, and these crimes are under-reported because it is believed the police will not be interested and will not follow up a complaint. According to a 1981 Home Office report, victimization rates for Asians were 50 times, and for blacks 36 times, higher than for white people, but the media treated this information like it did not exist and almost never reported the extent and seriousness of racially motivated attacks on black communities (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 268-69). Nevertheless, into the 1990s, young black males continued to be profiled and targeted for stop and search policing, especially in high crime areas. Studies of police attitudes found that they generally regarded blacks as trouble-makers, drug dealers, robbers and nothing else (Abercrombie and Warde, 2000, p258-59). This moral panic against crime in the streets was also fuelled by Conservative politicians, particularly in the Winter of Discontent against the Labour government in 1979. In the Thatcher years, the Tories presided over an era of high unemployment and increasing poverty at the bottom end of the social scale, and knew that they could divert attention by promoting a law and order discourse that put the blame on the most socially and economically depressed sections of the community (Holohan, 2005, p 104). In Britain, as in the U.S. and many other countries from the 1970s to the 1990s, conservative and right-wing populist ideologies reflected a broadly right-wing consensus which, in many news channels (especially the tabloid press)justified as encapsulating the British way of life. This law and order consensus supported more police, more prisons and a tougher criminal justice system, particularly in response to the youth and minority rebellions of the 1960s and 1970sand indeed, as part o f a white backlash against these (Jewkes 2004, p58). For over twenty years, conservative populist punitiveness represented the main attitude of the British government to crime, poverty and the social problems associated with them, and there was no major opposition to imprisoning larger numbers of youth and younger ages, to prosecuting them as adults, more curfews, prohibition of unauthorized gatherings of young people, as well as harsher measures against immigrants, protesters, demonstrators, the homeless and young unemployed, particularly if any of the above were from minority groups. Newspapers like The Sun and Daily Mail have always had a vigorous intolerance towards anyone of anything that transgresses an essentially conservative agenda (Jewkes, 2004, p 59). Socially, economically and culturally, this era was a throwback to the late-Victorian period at the end of the 19th Century. A 1992 book Beneath the Surface: Racial Harassment described a detailed study of racism in the London borough of Waltham Forest in 1981-89. It found that racial harassment was a fact of life there, including verbal and physical abuse, graffiti and fire bombings of houses of ethnic minorities. In July 1981 a Pakistani woman and her three children died in one of these attacks when petrol was sprayed into their house and set alight. The police did not seem interested in any of these crimes, and were even suspicious of the minorities who reported them. In 1998, The Observer reported that little has changed in the years since and described how one Muslim man was regularly threatened with stones, guns, knives, fire-bombs and death threats over a seven-year period. In 1992-94 alone, there were at least 45 deaths in Britain from what are believed to be racially motivated attacks, but none of them received nearly the same publicity as the Lawrence case (Abercrombie and Warde, 2000, p 260-62) . After the riots of 1980-81, Lord Scarmans report emphasized the role of racial discrimination and acknowledged that there was a problem of racially discriminatory policing, as was still the case twelve years later in the Lawrence case. After the report came out, the police gave off-the-record interviews to the effect that London was experiencing a dramatic increase in muggings (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p266). Jamaican immigrants had begun to arrive in the UK in 1948, although even the Labour government of that era preferred white European immigrants if it could find them, even if they could not speak English and understood little about Britain. Indeed, government officials went out of their way to discourage immigration from Africa, Asia and the West Indies, which was not unusual at the time, given the whites-only immigration policies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United States that had been in place for decadesand did not change in the U.S. until 1965. The British government even tried to divert a ship carrying 492 Jamaicans to East Africa in 1948. Given the shortage of white immigrants, Britain had no alternative except to obtain most of its cheap labour supply from its colonies, semi-colonies and former colonies in Asia, Africa and the West Indies, although with much bad will on both the governmental level and in (white) public opinion (Skelton, 1999). Blacks had been in Britain long before this wave of immigration, of course, but it seems to have made little impact on historical memory or popular consciousness. Britain had slavery during the 17th and 18th Centuries at least until Lord Mansfield abolished it in 1772. To be sure, only 10-20,000 slaves had lived in the country during any given year compared to millions in Brazil, the United States and West Indies and the number of free blacks was never large (Segal, 1996). Prior to the post-1945 immigration, few whites in Britain would have ever encountered many blacks at home, except of course for American soldiers in World War II. At that time, however, many white Americans were actually surprised to find that the British press was generally sympathetic to blacks whenever racial conflicts, brawls and other incidents took place on British soil (Katznelson, 2001). Jamaicans were the largest group to arrive in Britain from the West Indies during this unwelcome ingathering from the colonies. While the majority of White British were antagonistic to all those from the Caribbean, it can be said that the deepest resentment was toward the Jamaicans (Skelton, 1999, p 232). Initially, they settled in Lambeth, Brixton, Clapham and Camberwell in South London, which was considered ideal for blacks and other minorities since it had suffered extensive bomb damage and was full of vacant, old and dilapidated Victorian houses. In other worlds, it was an instant, ready-made ghetto. Black immigrants were crowded into these run-down houses, charged unreasonably high rents, and/or faced housing discrimination. They only got the jobs that British workers would not take and called slave labour or shit work, and often could not even get that. Like many such ghettos in the past, theft, fencing of stolen merchandise, prostitution and drug dealing were commonwith many s hops offering illegal goods and services under the counter to supplement their incomes and others acting as fronts for gangs and organized crime. In short, like similar ghettos in the U.S. and many other countries, it had a large informal or underground economy which existed in tandem with the mainstream economy and societyalthough minority young people were mostly cut off and alienated from this (Sanders, 2000, p 33). Mainstream media reported the crime but not the historical, social and economic context of this ghetto society. From the start, the police and media associated young Jamaican males with street crime, which became an idea so pervasive and powerful that soon everyone who saw a young Black man on the street was convinced they were about to be robbed (Skelton, 1999, p 232). In the 1970s, it was not uncommon to see young Black men being taken to the side of public pavements and being forced to empty their pockets by two of three police officers at a time (Skelton, 1999, p 233). Parliament passed sus laws that allowed the police to stop and frisk anyone acting in a suspicious manneran early example of racial profiling, and arresting and harassing suspects from crimes like shopping, walking or driving while Black. In the media, there were virtually no counter-representations of young, black men, while in the civil disturbances of the 1980s and 1990s it ran the most sensationalistic stories claiming that Britain was becoming a riot-torn society (Skelton, 1999, p 234) caused by an alien disease and ang ry young blacks who did not share the values of law-abiding society (Skelton, 1999, p 234). Certain geographical areas like Brixton in London, Toxteth in Liverpool and Handsworth in Birmingham were racialised in the media and always associated with danger, destruction and lawlessness (Skelton, 1999, p 234). CHAPTER 4: THE STEPHEN LAWRENCE CASE: A TURNING POINT? Identifying a sympathetic victim is a well-known strategy of civil rights movements, and one of the best known was Rosa Parks, whose arrest on December 1, 1955 for refusing to give up her seat to a white person on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama was the spark that lit the modern civil rights movement in the United Sates. E.D. Nixon, the head of the Alabama National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and chief organizer of the Montgomery Voters League had been looking for a test case against the segregation laws for quite some time. He knew that it would have to survive legal challenges all the way up to the United States Supreme Court, and for this purpose the right type of victim was essential (Hare, 2005). It was no accident when Rosa Parks, the secretary of the local NAACP and member of Martin Luther Kings church, was arrested as part of the long-planned test case. Jonnie Carr, head of the Montgomery Improvement Association for thirty years, had invited Parks t o join the NAACP and the two women started a friendship that would last a lifetime (Hare, 2005, p 25). Carr, who would later challenge Montgomerys segregated school system I the courts and win the case in the Supreme Court, said that Parks was so quiet that you would never have believed she would get to the point of being arrested (hare,2005, p26), but she did. Once she was committed to this course, she did not look back, and was famous for her quiet courage and determination. She continually received death threats from the Ku Klux Klan during the bus boycott and the legal case, and had to move to Detroit, Michigan in 1957. Even so, she continued to work with Martin Luther King and the civil rights movement, helping to organize the March on Washington in 1963 and the election of John Conyers to Congressone of the first blacks elected in the 20th Century (Hare, 2005). Other blacks had been arrested before Parks for refusing to give up their seats, but Nixon, Carr and the other organizers did not regard them as the right kind of victims to generate exactly the right kind of publicity they required, or to stand up to the ordeal that was certain to follow, including the very real possibility of death. On March 2 1955, fifteen-year old Claudette Colvin was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white person, and when she was convicted of disorderly conduct and resisting arrest, the young straight-A student burst into tears (Hare, 2005, p4). Eighteen-year old Mary Louise Smith was arrested on October 1, 1955 for refusing to give up her seat as well, but Nixon and his fellow organizers did not believe she was quite right for the campaign, either, because of her age and some issues in her background (Hare: 2005). In Rosa Parks, they found their ideal candidate: a mother, gainfully employed, regular churchgoer, mature and respectable, someone Mart in Luther King could proclaim as one of the finest citizens: of Montgomery (Hare,2005,p 30). She could play the role of innocent victim of injustice very well, and be the wife and mother that a white audience could identify with, even though as a civil rights movement activist and organizer, she knew from the start that she was part of a legal test case and media campaign. To be sure, Stephen Lawrence had never planned to become a victim in this way, but civil rights and anti-racism organizers in Britain knew that they could portray him and his family as respectable, middle class people who were really not so different from the white readership of the Daily Mail, and thus generate the type of media interest and political pressure that racist attacks and murders had almost never received in Britain beforeor since, for that matter. Prior to 1997, the Mail had shown little interest in the Lawrence case and only the announcement of a public inquiry seemed to get its attention. On February 14, 1997, however, it ignored legal and ethical guidelines and controversially printed the names and photographs of the five white suspects, and pronounced them guilty of murder under the blazing headline If We Are Wrong Let Them Sue Us. From 1997-99 it published at least 530 stories on the murder and Macpherson investigation, which some cynics always regarded as a ploy to boost circulation or the result of Stephen Lawrences father Neville once having worked as a plasterer for Paul Dacre, the Mails editor. In an editorial on February 15, 1999, the paper explained that it had thought long and hard before publicly naming the five white men, but this was an extraordinary situation and demanded an extraordinary response (McLaughlin and Murji,2001,p 272-73). Many newspapers covered the Lawrence murder, but the Daily Mails high-profil e campaignset the agenda for the terms of the public debate about whom and what was responsible for the murder. This was unusual and unexpected because never before had a racist murder been so graphically and repeatedly described and condemned by a right-wing newspaper in the United Kingdom (McLaughlin,2005,p 163). In the Stephen Lawrence case, the standard media portrayal of blacks as lazy, criminal and violent was inverted in order to present the victim and his family as clean, drug-free hard-working, educated and middle class, while his five white killers were shown as members of the unemployed underclass, living on welfare in public housing. In this way, the media could uphold the standard narrative of race and class while making Lawrence an exception to the general rule: a good black and an innocent victim. This was not the case for the other young black man attacked with him at the same time, Duwayne Brooks, described as a sort of marginal character perhaps involved with gangs and drugs, unlike Stephen Lawrence, who aspired to become an architect and join the middle class. As for Brooks, journalists