Balance Sheets for the four quarters Essay

To evaluate how I utilized both budgets and pro-formas to ensure the adequacy of funds for providing production capacity that was needed to achieve the businesses goals. I want to first start with the definition of both pro-forma and budget; A budget is a basic idea that covers more than a few areas, all in all it’s a financial plan that is made to control costs for operations and results. It can be expressed in a multitude of numerical terms, it also can cover a certain period of time, short, intermediate and long term goals. A pro-forma is also a financial statement but it is prepared based upon assumptions of specific events and transactions that will hopefully occur in the Future, so basically a projected estimate using historical data to form a hypothesis of A financial outcome. The importance of both the pro-forma and budget were huge. Knowing going into the simulation how much seed money was going to be issued and how much additional money was coming in future investments, gave me an idea of how aggressive or conservative I could be. I was able to to set with an initial idea of how much I could spend for each factor needed moving forward. I was able to understand how much to market, how much to hire and how much I could afford for each of these tasks, as well as how much was coming into pay for future marketing and hires. Without advertising there are no customers, without a good sales and service staff there are no sales, or an ability to take care of the customer. In the opening quarter of the company I had a 2 million dollar start-up fund. My upfront expenses were approximately $530,000. I also chose to invest in a 3 month CD about $880,000, I made sure in my first endeavor to keep money available and not to over indulge. I took similar approaches going into each additional quarter; thereafter I wouldreview what was spent and estimate what was coming in and at that point I would hire more employees, adjust and raise benefits and increase marketing. My sales force and marketing expenses doubled from quarter two to quarter three and rose another 49 percent from quarter three to quarter four. These two factors in my opinion are the biggest of a profitable company, as sales and marketing grow and increase your company will thrive. At the end of each quarter I would review the results in these areas and make assessments on how much additional advertising I needed based upon sales numbers of the individual computers Mercedes and the Traveler. Based upon production and the competition I would review to see if I was going to increase the sales force and the compensation plan. The overall outcome of both areas had my company in NWL as the top employers at 83 out of a maximum 84 Score; also in regards to marketing effectiveness in NWL my company had a 92 out of a 97 maximum Score that’s how I used the budget and pro-forma to help NWL achieve its goals. B.2. To evaluate how I employed Just In Time or JIT and Lean Operations to improve operating efficiency in my manufacturing facility, again as part of moving forward I want to define these two strategies before I explain how I use them. A) Just In Time or JIT is a production strategies to improve a business return on investment ROI by reducing in-process inventory as well as the associated carrying cost. This is done by only receiving goods as they are needed in the overall process, this helps cut overall inventory costs. B) Lean Operations simply supplies a customer with exactly what the customer needs when and only when the customer wants it without waste with this constant improvement, the emphasis and focus is on understanding the customer. Both JIT and Lean Operations can help with the overall increase of return on investment or ROI. In regards to how my simulation for NWL worked with these strategies, I would say in NWL ran overly Lean to a fault. I ran my operation capacity at 65 and my fixed capacity at 75 which was the second lowest of my competitors on both accounts. This was a huge negative for my company since it cost me over 2100 in lost sales. This would have increased my sales by approximately 33 percent which would have lowered the overall production costs and increase profits. I finished number 2 in sales with thehighest average price of computer. With a 33 percent increase in sales had I run a better production operation I would have had a lager profitability for a already profitable simulation. I did not key into the right places when I reviewed the early production numbers which cost me when it came to changing Operating and Fixed Capacities. I was overly cautious and my end result was indicative of this and caused big loses for NWL. B.3. Work Cells vs Traditional Straight Line Production. A Work Cell is defined to be a arrangement of machines and personnel that focuses on making a single product or family related products. Traditional Straight Line Production Is the standard assembly line style of manufacturing. Work may start in one department until that phase is complete. Then the product moves onto the next department for the next phase and the next and so on. The major difference between the two is efficiency and cost differentials. In a work cell method there are a multitude of benefits, from a reduction in work area needed, speed of production completion and number of associates needed just to name a few. All of which are in line with the thought process of JIT and Lean Operations which in turn increases ROI (return on investment). Five distinct advantages in the work cell vs the assembly line (1)Tasks are grouped, therefore inspections can be immediate. (2)Fewer workers are needed because of cross training. (3)The workers can access more of the work area. (4)Work areas are more efficiently balanced. (5)Enhanced communication based upon the shape of the work cell. These advantages can help lead to fewer employees reaching higher production numbers. Which in the simulation could have led to smaller start-up companies making more cost efficient production goals happen along with how well a micro computer company could make a work cell arrangement payoff positively. B.4. Evaluation of decisions involving inventory management in the Marketplace Simulation Inventory is defined as raw materials, work-in-progress goods and completely finished goods that are considered to be the portion of the businesses assets that are ready or will be ready for sale. Inventory represents one of the most important assets that most companies possess, because the turnover of inventory represents one of the primary sources of revenue generation and subsequent earnings for the company. In the marketplace simulation NWL was not very successful at inventory management in the attempt to run Just-in-Time (JIT) and Lean Operations, I ended up with sold out product and a enormous loss in sales. The lost sales totaled 50 percent of the total sales, which meant there could have been an additional 33 percent positive sales increase if the inventory was managed properly. These were losses of 1000 Travelers units and 1103 Mercedes units, those totals losses of $3,312,730 in gross profit. That was based upon the final sales and not taking into account any production savings by the increased sales volume. That could have increased gross profit by a minimum of 47 percent, if I had it to do over again paying more attention to the inventories would have been a possible windfall. B.5. A continuous improvement program that could have been used to improve and achieve quality assurance goals could have been either Employee Empowerment or Bench-marking. Employee Empowerment involves employees in every step of the production process. Employee’s are on the front lines and know what is going on in every aspect and on all fronts. If employees find problems they can fix them or help fix them. Whom better in handling an issue then the ones most familiar with the process, if a shortcoming is found an experienced a periodic quality circle can address it. It’s been proven that most quality issues are either material or the process, it’s not usually the employee’s performance. If a Bench-marking program were to be implemented, the first step would be to established what the benchmark would be. Examples of which are; Percentage of Defects, Cost per unit processing time, Lost sales due to Out-of-Stocks and Customer Satisfaction Rates. If these type of factors were used in my situation, I would have used either Lost sales due to Out-of-Stocks or Customer Satisfaction Rates. mainly because I would have found out possibly a better way of keeping product in stock which could have reduced lost sales as well as a negative customer satisfaction due to no product. The benchmark team can find out what and how benchmark partners were doing to achieve their sales goals by tracking and keeping product stock, whereas to assure customer satisfaction. Then we could analyze the data from the partners and take the appropriate steps to move beyond and keep the process continually improving. C. Sources Investopedia (2013) A Division of ValueClick â€Å"www.investopedia.com†

Police Corruption Essay

Police corruption is a complex issue. Police corruption or the abuse of authority by a police officer, acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants, is a growing problem in the United States today. Things such as an Internal Affairs department, a strong leadership organization, and community support are just a few considerations in the prevention of police corruption. Controlling corruption from the departmental level requires a strong leadership organization, because corruption can take place anywhere from the patrol officer to the chief. The top administrator must make it clear from the start that he and the other members of the department are against any form of corrupt activity, and that it will not be tolerated in any way, shape, or form. So there are ways to prevent police corruption from happening. An investigation of a local newspaper or any police-related edited in an urban city during any given week would most likely have an article about a police officer that got caught committing some kind of corrupt act. Police corruption has increased with the illegal cocaine trade, with officers acting alone or in-groups to steal money from dealers or distribute cocaine themselves. Large groups of corrupt police have been caught in New York, New Orleans, Washington, DC, and Los Angeles, as well as many other cities. Corruption within police departments falls into 2 basic ranks, external corruption and internal corruption. Corruption in policing is usually viewed as the mistreatment of authority by police officer acting formally to fulfill their personal needs or wants. For a corrupt act to occur, three distinct elements of police corruption must be present simultaneously: 1) Mishandling of authority, 2) Mishandling of official capacity, and 3) Mishandling of personal attainment (Dantzke r, 1995: p 157). It can be said that power, it is necessarily so tends to corrupt. It is now to be  recognized that while there is no reason to assume that policemen as an individual is any less capable to make a mistake than other members of society, people are often shocked when policemen are exposed violating the law. The reason is simple; their deviance elicits a special feeling of betrayal. â€Å"Most studies support the view that corruption is endemic, if not universal, in police departments. The danger of corruption for police; is that it may invert the formal goals of the organization and may lead to the use of organizational power to encourage and create crime rather than to deter it† (Sherman 1978: p 31). Police corruption falls into two major categories– external corruption, which concerns police contacts with the public; and internal corruption, which involves the relationships among policemen within the works of the police department. The external corruption generally consists of one or more of the following activities: 1) Payoffs to the police, by people who essentially violate non-criminal elements, who fail to comply with stringent statutes or city ordinances. 2) Payoffs to the police, by individuals who continually break the law, using various methods to earn illegal mo ney. 3) â€Å"Clean Graft† where money is paid to the police for services, or where courtesy discounts are given as a matter of course to the police. â€Å"Police officers have been involved in activities such as illegal exaction of money and/or narcotics from drug violators. In order for these violators to avoid arrest, the police officers have accepted bribes, and accepted narcotics, which they turned around and sold. These police know of the violations, and fail to take proper enforcement action. They have entered into personal associations with narcotics criminals and in some cases have used narcotics. They have given false testimonies in court in order to obtain dismissal of the charges against a defendant† (Sherman 1978: p 129). A scandal is perceived both as a socially constructed phenomenon, and as an agent of change that can lead to state of agreement in the structure of power within organizations. Is there a solution to the police corruption problem? Probably not, because since its beginnings, many aspects of policing have changed, but one thing that has not, is the existence of corruption. Police agencies, in an attempt to eliminate corruption have tried everything from increasing salaries, requiring more training and education, and developing policies which are intended to focus directly of factors leading to corruption. Despite police departments’ attempts to  control cor ruption, it still occurs. Regardless of the fact, police corruption cannot simply be over looked. Controlling corruption is the only way that we can really limit corruption, because corruption is the byproduct of the individual police officer, and police environmental factors; therefore, control must come from not only the police department, but it also must require the assistance and support of the community members. If a police administrator does not act strongly with disciplinary action against any corrupt activity, the message conveyed to other officers within the department would not be that of intimated nature. In addition it may even increase corruption, because officers feel no actions will be taken against them. Another way that police agencies can control its corruption problem starts originally in the academy. Ethical decisions and behavior should be taught. If they fail to, it would make officers unaware of the consequences of corruption and do nothing but encourage it. Finally, many police depart ment’s especially large ones should have an Internal Affairs unit, which operates to investigate improper conduct of police departments. These units’ some-times are run within the department. Citation Dantzker, Mark L. (1995). Understanding Today’s Police. Officials Say Police Corruption is Hard To Stop. Sherman, Lawrence W. (1978)

Children and Criminal Intent

Case Study #1 James M. Bufford Liberty University Online 11/18/12 This week’s case study was very interesting from a developmental standpoint. It seems to be a rather blanket statement of our legal system to say that children under 7 are not held responsible for crimes and that a 6 year-old cannot form criminal intent. My personal opinion is that children differ in their maturity levels (some may act older, others younger, developmentally). However, with that opinion, I can see the argument of: Who determines that maturity level? What is that determination based upon?What research has been done to prove this? Therefore, we must refer to what has been proven through the many years of research of biosocial development. According to our text, the prefrontal cortex (sometimes called the frontal cortex or frontal lobe) is said to be the executive of the brain because all the other areas of the cortex are ruled by the planning, prioritizing and reflection in the prefrontal cortex. S till, this area must be developed-or mature-over the years; this development occurs through genetics and early experience (Berger, 2011, pg. 15). In this case, it seems the early experience of growing up around those that were most likely careless and irresponsible with guns, had a major impact on the boys life. Maybe he was taught to shoot in the backyard? All of this could be considered what Vygotsky considered to be â€Å"Social Learning†-which could also lead to the child being curious about guns and observant about how they are to be used, as well as being â€Å"mentored† by his loved ones who were also in prison on gun-related charges (Berger, 2011, pg. 240). Maybe he feared his classmate?This may have led to him taking the gun to school, being afraid of confrontation. The interaction of the amygdala and the hippocampus can cause fear to be either constructive (causing a child to use good judgement); or, in this case, destructive, allowing fear and misplaced ange r to take over their emotions and act out on what he’s seen other family members do (shooting a gun) (Berger, 2011, pg. 217). Perseveration, the tendency to persevere in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time (Berger, 2011, pg. 216), may have also played a role in the child carrying out this action of shooting his classmate.The fact that he was able to remember overnight to take the gun to school and use it the next day. Acknowledging, once again, the childs’ upbringing, maybe he was encouraged to be like his other family members? This could be a natter of gaining extrinsic motivation, which is a drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that arises from the need to have one’s achievements rewarded outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another person’s esteem (Berger, 2011, pg. 267). This, as well, is crucial to consider when looking at all the factors that went into the child committing this crime.Who knows how long this lifestyle w as embedded into his young, impressionable mind! There were so many variables that contributed to this unfortunate situation. The fact that he ran into the corner after pulling the trigger shows that maybe when he got in trouble at home, he was sent to the corner as a way of punishment. His actions after the crime showed he carried on as a child, not realizing the significance and danger of what just occurred due to his impulsiveness in the moment of anger. REFERENCES Berger, 2011. The Developing Person Through The Life Span. New York, NY. Worth Publishers

End of Course Assignment. Financial Markets and Risk Assignment

End of Course . Financial Markets and Risk - Assignment Example A number of recessions or financial crisis that has been witnessed across the globe is as a result of the Systematically Important Financial Institutions. It is axiomatic to argue that the financial crises of 2007/2008 just like the financial crisis of the 1930’s post a great dilemma for many observers and the world at large. Whether unprecedented or otherwise, the truth is that it brought with it great damage to the society. (Taylor, 2011) Adopting some of the best priorities to deal with the issues and avoid a repeat of the same is the main focus of different policy makers globally. The first section of the paper discusses the Systematically Important Financial Institution and threat they pose to the economy. The second phase looks at the 2007/2008 economic crisis and how the Systematically Important Financial Institution was responsible for it. It goes further to recommend some of the best ways to deal with the problem in the future. The definition and structure of the Systematically Important Financial Institution is dependent on the potential of the institution to cause financial destruction. An institution becomes more relevant when it has a high level or probability to cause serious destruction to the economy. On the positive side, Systematically Important Financial Institution is defined going by their relevant viability in leading to a smooth growth and functioning of an economy. Therefore the positive looks at the good part with regards to positive effects to the entire population. Both negative and positive sides reflect the question on whether the Systematically Important Financial Institution are necessary and are indispensable to any financial system or whether they are dangerous and should be done away with. In other words, Systematically Important Financial Institution can create some of the best sides of the

Barriers to Successful Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Barriers to Successful Strategy - Essay Example The paper tells that the implementation of strategies might turn out to be difficult given that the organization is large or complex but, in either case, monitoring and control the execution process of strategies is vital to the organization. Complex strategy implementation becomes a confusion to implementers and might also call for additional resources in forms of human, time and financial resources for successful implementation. Dyer and Singh refer to such situations as complex decision-making strategies which require being high attention during the implementation of strategies although it might take longer to implement and require more attention from employees and manager, its implementation will see the profit margin of an organization increase tremendously. Kaplan and Norton, also identify the importance of strategy execution and describe strategy execution as of equal importance to the strategy itself. Paul Nutt also studied the matter and explains that more than half of the d ecisions made in organization result in failure mainly due to wrong execution of a strategy in the implementation phase. BRF is one such company that has identified the importance of monitoring and controlling its strategy execution process. According to research by Kaplan and Norton, 70% of failures in the execution of a strategy is from the bad implementation, not the strategy itself. They identified four major barriers to the execution of strategies such as lack of vision, resource barrier, management barrier and people barrier. In addition to the four barriers, Jones and Kaplan and Norton emphasize the importance of a communicating strategy due to its critical value of aligning individuals and organizational units. In most organizations, managers are trained on how to plan strategies, not execute them. Managers in most organizations have the know-how on how to plan and develop strategies that would uplift an organization but mostly they lack the technical know-how of how to impl ement their strategies to achieve the intended organizational goals.

Answer the questions provided with 1-2 paragraph answers. It is about Essay

Answer the questions provided with 1-2 paragraph answers. It is about Edmund Berke and his book - Essay Example Do they all say the same thing? Burke is saying that order must be maintained in a civilized society. This is particularly true when concerning assets. He felt that giving people assets they had not worked for would cause confusion. Burke’s phrase ‘good order’ means law and order. This is not to say the Burke thought the French should accept tyranny, but he advocated going about resisting within the French law, not a revolution. (142-143) Burke stated ‘Nobility is a graceful ornament to the civil order. It is the Corinthian capital of polished society.’ Noblesse oblige means that royalty and nobility have certain social responsibilities toward one’s subjects. 7. What are the limitations placed upon (or the fences around) the British House of Commons? Why does it need to be fenced in like that? (38ff. and pages 164/165) And how is this different from the French National Assembly after the Third Estate declared itself as the whole of the Assembly and the other estates/strata accepted that fact? Before that what were the three orders/estates in French society? ‘After all, if the House of Commons were to have a wholly professional and faculty composition, what is the power of the House of Commons, circumscribed and shut in by the immoveable barriers of laws, usages, positive rules of doctrine and practice, counterpoised by the House of Lords, and every moment of its existence at the discretion of the crown to continue, prorogue, or dissolve us? The power of the House of Commons, direct or indirect, is indeed great; and long may it be able to preserve its greatness, and the spirit belonging to true greatness, at the full; and it will do so, as long as it can keep the breakers of law in India from becoming the makers of law for England. The power, however, of the House of Commons, when least diminished, is as a drop of water in the ocean, compared to that residing in a settled majority of your National Assembly. That

Methods Employed in Business Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Methods Employed in Business Research - Essay Example Quantitative research emphasizes quantification in the data collection and analysis. It entails a deductive approach on the correlation between research and theory, wherein emphasis is put on testing theories (cited in Bryman & Bell, 2007, p.28). Quantitative research combined norms and practices of positivism and scientific model. It supports the view that social reality represents the objective reality. In contrast, qualitative research emphasizes the importance of words instead of quantification in data collection and analysis (cited in Bryman & Bell, 2007, p.28). It entails an inductive approach on the correlation between research and theory, wherein the emphasis is put on generation of theories. Qualitative approach rejected the norms and practices of positivism and natural scientific model. It focuses on the interpretation of individuals with their social world. It supports the premise that social reality is constantly shifting (cited in Bryman & Bell, 2007, p.28). Quantitative methods reflect the â€Å"positivist† approach in conducting researches. Positivism is based on the premise that the world is explainable, controllable, and measurable. Experts argue that the world exists and functions externally; thus, its properties should be studied and measured through objective means. Positivism asserts that knowledge which can be observed and quantified is considered as valid (cited in Brown & Remenyi, 2004, p.243). Positivism stresses the need to objectively and accurately perform observations. Researchers who adhere to this perspective concentrate on eliminating biases and values. They identify factors that lead to a particular event (Marlow, 2010, p.9). Qualitative methods are associated with interpretivism as its general philosophy. Positivism is driven to explain the phenomena to predict and manipulate them while interpretivism concentrates on the interpretation and understanding. Interpretivism supports the premise that reality is not single, obj ective, and divisible, but it is multiple, contextual, and socially constructed. It concentrates on individuals and their manner of making sense and interpreting the reality (Holloway, 1997, p.93). Holloway (1997, p.93) noted that researchers should not consider individuals as existing in a vacuum but as inseparable to the context of their lives. Researchers who adhere to this perspective believe that understanding the individual experiences is as indispensable as the positivist belief in the importance of explanation, prediction, and control (Holloway, 1997, p.93). This ontological premise suggests the use of multiple methodologies. It emphasizes on the richness instead of the amount of data collected (Phillimore & Goodson, 2004, p.157). Qualitative research focuses upon the relations with employees, managerial work, organizational control systems, and identity and gender at work. However, researches which utilized qualitative methods were infrequently presented in practitioner and academic outlets of the business field (Cassell, Buehring, Symon, & Johnson, 2006, p.17). Researchers stress the need for researches that employ diverse sources of data. These researchers further reiterated that conventional research studies led to studies that support repetitive topics and narrow paradigms. They

Open a new restaurants that serves the best and health foods based on Term Paper

Open a new restaurants that serves the best and health foods based on body metrics - Term Paper Example describe the challenges and risks when it comes to the opening of the restaurant and a recommendation of how the challenges and risks can be properly mitigated. The first challenge is privacy concerns in regards to the information given on the health status of a person, the age as well as the weight of a person. These are often personal matters that many people want to remain private (Reuvid, 2013). It is imperative to understand that there are a variety of reasons as to why people place high value when it comes to protecting their privacy, confidentiality as well as their security of health information. Many psychologists often depict privacy as a basic need which has a right intrinsic value. For this reason, they often see privacy being objectively valuable in itself and they believe that it is an essential component of any human being. Privacy of information ensures that several human fundamental values are observed. For example, personal autonomy which is the ability to make personal decisions is observed, secondly, privacy ensures individuality in that a person can be able to become oneself and do whatever one likes. Thirdly, a person often values his or her privacy in order to obtain respect from the society. Finally, privacy is often safeguarded by persons in order to ensure that they still remain with their dignity as well as worth as human beings. For this reason, it can be seen that most of the potential customers might be reluctant to give out information that they consider private. Further, they do believe that there is no law that exists that prevents the restaurant from revealing information about their weight, state of health and age to the public. For this reason, most people will be reluctant when it comes down to giving out the vital information needed to run the restaurant. Further, there may also be fears regarding the safety of the information with the employees. There are several employees that are malicious and might spread personal and

Concept of supply and demand; of antitrust laws and of labor unions Essay

Concept of supply and demand; of antitrust laws and of labor unions - Essay Example This research will begin with the presentation of the concept of supply and demand. It has become one of the most important concepts in modern day economics. Indeed this concept can be summed up as the one in which, the producer of a commodity has a certain quantity for sale in the market and that quantity which consumers are ready to buy. As a result of this, the demand for a particular commodity depends on a number of factors like the commodity price, related commodity prices and also consumers buying power and choices. The supply of a particular commodity depends on a number of factors like the cost incurred in the production of that particular commodity, the price of related kinds of products and many other factors. The concept of supply and demand is always existent and the market’s main aim is to bring a form of stability and equilibrium between the demand as well as supply through the pricing of commodities. Antitrust Laws are special type of laws that have been created by the American government in order to prevent the formation of monopolies, which could otherwise result in unhealthy market competition. Thus these are a set of Federal laws which can be applied in case of both businesses as well as individuals. The first Antitrust law in America was created in the year 1890. Thus this law ensures that, all the individuals and the various business establishments are given a fair deal, hen it comes to market competition and that no single company or individual gains an upper hand in business dealings unlawfully.

Define supply and explain what causes change (shifts) of supply and Essay - 1

Define supply and explain what causes change (shifts) of supply and how supply can determine prices - Essay Example These players will try to compete with each other to provide significant amount of value to the customers and thereby generating competitive advantage. It is important to note that the state of equilibrium attained by the intersection of demand and supply curve keeps on moving and is not constant in nature. As a matter of fact, it can be said that there can be various factors which may lead to shifts in supply curve. Abrupt rise of prices of certain commodities, which has happened due to the rise of inflation rate in recent times, can at times lead to significant changes in supply. Due to the significant rise in prices of commodities, the general masses become incapable to purchase the same at high rates. This results in building up of inventory. As a precautionary measure to cool down inflation and maintain a significant amount of balance in the market, the suppliers and manufacturers focus on lowering down the supply rate of the commodities (Mankiw, 1998, p. 80). The effect of recession can also induce significant amount of supply shift. In times of recession, for the purpose of boosting the economy, the rate of interest is generally reduced. This automatically contributes to a significant rise in the institutional lending as well as boosting of production of various commodities in the economy. Hence, recession can also initiate significant shifts of supply of commodities in the economy of a particular region (Mankiw, 2011, p. 745). It is observed that the price of multiple input variables and resources can bring about a significant influence in the supply of a particular commodity. It can be said that in the case of rising input prices, there might be immense pressure on the manufacturer to cut down on various costs. This might contribute to a lower amount of production by the manufacturer. Hence, this can automatically contribute to a movement in commodity supply in the market

Innovative Organisation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Innovative Organisation - Case Study Example The company is reputed as the chief civil production establishment in San Francisco woof Region. Abernathy, W.J., Clark, K. (1985). Through long-term tutoring programs the company has been on the frontline in offering contemporary products and services. One of its competitive strategies has been the cost leadership; the company offers sophisticated design and architectural product that embody the post modern architecture at a relatively reasonable cost than its fierce rivals. Secondly, the company offers a wide range of products and services, this includes; designing of temporary on and offsite parking, helipad relocation design, preliminary site relocation design among others. This myriad service makes it dominate other firms. Thirdly, the company has a regional presence and as such a wider clientele niche. Lastly the integration of technology has been a boast for the company; information flow across the organizational structure has been proficient, ideally this has triggered a boom ing business as the bottle necks have been aborted. The most challenging part on designers has been in meeting of the objectives of a building's utility and in designing facades that challenges and provoke the same functions. Structural buildings are multifarious units that perform important duties; shelter and security to whoever uses the same. Structural edifices also meet clustered requirements to satiate operational demands by means of pragmatic form and also desire to employ nonfigurative compounds to impact on the right mind and nourish the mental power. Abernathy, W.J., Clark, K. (1985), Introduction Innovation is a comprehensive course of action through which an organization engenders resourceful and fresh scientific notion (contraption) and translates them into original, practical and feasible profitable products, services as well as trading performances for (prospective) fiscal advantage. Research findings have indicated that aggressive gain is centered on the capability to generate an economy driven not by cost efficiencies but by notions as well as intellectual expertise. The natural world of novelty has gone through a metamorphosis as such the intrinsic description of novelty has dramatically been altered with time. Conventional definition of innovation was centered on persons that toiled in laboratories, itchy and throbbing just waiting to unmask great discoveries. In the modern society, the attention has shifted away from being an individual entity to a global phenomenon that hinges on collaboration. The Amazon president, Bezos Jeffrey puts it like going down blind alleyw ays (Blayse, A, Manley, K 2005). Yet every time one goes down an alleyway and it opens up into gigantic, expansive boulevard. Novelty begins when we break free and rebuff the inert. Dissimilar to invention, that emerges from endeavor, carrying out tests coupled with an aspect of lack, novelty is embedded closely on expertise and leadership-earmarking prospective places to centre novelty power and designing the idyllic atmosphere for innovation to boom. CEO's play an integral role to making novelty a reality; scientifically or rather methodologically. Analogous to executing a corporate line of attack, realizing novelty entails the making of deliberate choices. Options can copiously exist, yet highlighting and sharpening winning options require ingenuity and this is a role that

The Impact of Training and Development on the Employees of the Insurance Sector in Jordan Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Training and Development on the Employees of the Insurance Sector in Jordan Essay The focus of all aspects of Human Resource Development is on developing the most superior workforce so that the organization and individual employees can accomplish their work goals in service to customers , All employees want to be valuable and remain competitive in the labour market at all times. This can only be achieved through employee training and development. Employees will always want to develop career-enhancing skills, which will always lead to employee motivation and retention. There is no doubt that a well-trained and developed staff will be a valuable asset to the company and thereby increasing the chances of his efficiency in discharging his or her duties, so our main focus about the practises of training and development in the insurance sector as it is a very important service sector . And to study the relationship between training and development with job satisfaction and morale among employees , inter personal relationship and customer satisfaction , employee motivation, efficiencies in processes, financial gain , capacity to adopt new technologies and methods , innovation in strategies and products , employee turnover , company image and productivity. METHODOLOGY: We are going to examine two of the most well-known companies in Jordan (Arab insurance company and Jordanian insurance company) through a qualitative research , data will be collected through a couple of interviews with some of the employees of the two companies from many managerial levels and by gathering primary information through literature review from recent journal papers and books. GROUP MEMBERS: * Sara khano * Bashar Kafafi * Lama Daas * Eman Khalil * Shireen Shakaa

the westphalian system is a temporary and western phenomenon. accept or refute

the westphalian system is a temporary and western phenomenon. accept or refute The westphalian system emerged from the signing of the Peace of Westphalia, two peace treaties of Osnabruck and Munster, in 1648. The westphalian system refers to the modern international system of states which exist today. Although many scholars date the modern nation state from 1648 and the treaty of Westphalia, the state as it existed in the 17thc was the result of the processes that had been occurring for over 500 yrs prior to Westphalia. From 1450-1650, the combination and interaction of political, economic, technological and religious factors brought about the shift to the modern state system. For hundreds of years before this period, Europe consisted of a complex system of feudal entities. During the 5thc the Roman Empire disintegrated and only a very basic level of organisation remained. By the 11thc the system in place was based on feudal relationships and involved very little interaction with the rest of the world. At the geographical and political centre of the European system was the Holy Roman Empire. Within this system, the principle of authority was hierarchical, but the ability of those at the top of the hierarchy to exercise their authority over large territories was limited. The 15th and 16th centuries were characterised by the gradual growth of monarchical power and influence. As monarchs struggled against the feudal nobility in their efforts to expand, centralise, and consolidate their control over territory, they needed economic and military resources. During this period manufacturing, trade and communication had become increasingly concentrated, resulting in the growth of cities and towns. Eventually a money economy developed and replaced the system of barter that was characteristic of feudal exchange. Each town came to represent a larger regional economy and a newly found merchant class began to emerge who desired continual growth and expansion of these regional economies. This expansion required security and order, an authority to provide for roads and communication and to further reduce the barriers to economic expansion. European politics during this period was about nobles and princes, and if the monarchy wanted to challenge the military power of the nobility they needed to raise their own mass armies. To raise and support these armies elaborate bureaucracies evolved to extract resources in the form of taxes, and to administer military camps and hospitals. In this expansion of bureaucracy the origins of the formal administrative institutions that now characterise the modern state can be seen. This period saw the rapid development and use of military technology that also made possible European expansion to the rest of the globe. The continual rivalries and wars between kings and nobles pushed each to find some advantage in arms or wealth and led to rapid technological and scientific innovations. All of these factors promoted a European expansion, which in turn provided another source of wealth for the European states. In 1918 the 30 year war began and didnt end until the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. This year is usually marked as the birth of the modern state system and therefore referred to as the westphalian state system. The westphalian state has several key principles: 1. State sovereignty and the fundamental right of political self determination. 2. The principle of non intervention of one state in the internal affairs of another. 3. Territorial boundaries: integrity and inviolability of states territory 4. Collective security of this system balance of power The westphalian state as recognised by the peace of Westphalia has not remained unthreatened. Globalisation and NGOs have posed huge challenges to this traditional way of viewing the state system and this essay will explore some of these challenges and. One of the major challenges to the westphalian state system over recent years has been the process of globalisation whereby economic, political and socio-cultural transactions are less and less constrained by national boundaries and the sovereign authority of national governments. Two important processes are driving globalisation: 1. The continuing advancement of technology enabling the transnational movement of goods, people and ideas to become much easier. 2. National governments are less and less willing to exercise control over goods, people and ideas across their borders, therefore governments have become more inclined to surrender some of the control over cross-border transactions they once exercised by virtue of sovereign authority. Interdependence has been at the root of globalisation, with extensive new webs of interdependence creating a truly global system. As colonial empires dismantled and technology improved, fast changes towards globalisation occurred and interdependence rapidly increased. Globalisation has meant that national boundaries have become less and less relevant. Many scholars feel that continuing to view the world in terms of the traditional westphalian logic is not very useful due to contemporary interdependencies. They believe that these ideas are now outdated and a new and more modern approach which is more applicable to the world today should be adopted by governments. Globalisation is the increasing movement of goods, information and ideas across national boundaries without significant direct participation and control by high level governmental actors. This involves heavy participation by various non-state actors, in particular NGOs. Rosenau points out that NGOs are changing societal norms, challenging national governments, and linking up with counterparts in powerful transnational alliances. And they are muscling their way into high politics, such as arms control, banking, and trade that were previously dominated by the state This view calls into question the importance of sovereignty and national boundaries. Each state has become so permeable and open to outside influences therefore domestic and international politics are becoming indistinguishable. Some observers even argue that there is no neat hierarchical pattern of influence and authority therefore states are not necessarily the most powerful actors. These actors seek autonomy of action from states; therefore interdependence generates a new set of problems and demands on those with sovereign authority. Westphalian system is temporary as National economies are now increasingly interdependent. 1. Since ww2 international trade has consistently outpaced global production and almost all national economies have become more dependent on trade. 2. Growth in interdependence in financial flow 3. Multi-national corporations are responsible for the growth in foreign investment global economy is therefore becoming integrated. 4. More countries are adopting free-market approaches to economic development 5. Signing of international treaties on trade, foreign investment, currency convertibility Globalisation and the growth of transnational interactions in post the ww2 era has presented the sovereign state with new problems and challenges. What are these challenges? Can summarise using the three elements of keohane and nyes concept of complex interdependence. In the course of the 20th century, the Westphalian state system in Europe has gone global. Nations subjected to European imperialismà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬or rather, in most cases, Europeanized elites within those nationsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬have aspired to the form of Europes sovereign nation-states, and have achieved ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬or rather, in many cases, have haplessly inherited it from colonial masters who lost the will to govern them. Ex-colonies tended to be extremely sensitive to anything that resembled imperialism in the years immediately after independence, and many protected their economic sovereignty by pursuing autarky, though more recently this trend has reversed. International organizations for example the UN, treaties, and economic globalization, have all begun to subtly constrain the states freedom of action, and therefore has eroded their jurisdiction from above. It must be pointed out here that jurisdictional boundaries make neither borders nor sovereignty. All polities are subdivided into smaller units for administrative purposes to some extent. These subdivisions imply jurisdictions with discrete boundaries. In federal systems, the subdivisions have some degree of autonomy themselves, in the sense that they have discretion in certain areas and cannot be over-ridden by the centre. Yet federal units are considered part of the federation and not separate sovereignties. Ever since the founding of the UN there have been restrictions on states sovereignty from above, on their right to engage in aggression against their neighbours for example. In the course of time, countries have signed up to more and more treaties which prevent them from, say, testing nuclear weapons, or abusing the rights of children. The UN and international treaties are notoriously weak, but they still create a conceptual puzzle: what is the difference between a sovereign polity which abrogates certain rights by international treaty and a federal unit which abrogates certain rights in favour of a federal government. This question is as old as the United Nations, as the name of the United Nations suggests; the UN embodies an aspiration towards some sort of world federation. Treaties mainly formed by the west but has most effect on developing nations. This is a shift towards a new regulatory state and fragmentation that challenges the traditional westphalian frame of sovereignty. New regulatory state is emerging in both developed and developing nations. With this fragmentation comes breakdown of traditional diplomatic domains and activities and also creation of new actors, new arenas and new fields of diplomatic activity all of which cut across traditional notion of Westphalian sovereignty. Shift towards fragmented state due to structural changes in global political economy. Internal sovereignty of state is being transformed by process of globalisation. The westphalian system can be considered to be a western phenomenon due to the notion of failed states. A failed state can be defined as a state considered to have failed at some of the basic conditions and responsibilities of a sovereign government. The Fund for Peace (an independent US based non profit research and educational organisation), has characterised the failed state as follows: * loss of physical control of its territory, or of the monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force * erosion of legitimate authority to make collective decisions * an inability to provide reasonable public services * an inability to interact with other states as a full member of the international community These failed states generally have a central government that is so weak or ineffective that it has little or no control over its territory. Public services are not adequately provided for, there is widespread corruption and criminality, there is involuntary movement of population and there is economic decline. Since 2005 the United States think-tank, the Fund for Peace and the magazine Foreign Policy, publishes an annual index called the Failed States Index. The list only assesses sovereign states (determined by membership in the United Nations.)[3] The indexs ranks are based on twelve indicators of state vulnerability four social, two economic and six political. In 2009, of the worst 20 states, only Haiti could be considered to be a western state. All others belonged to the developing world. Such states lack legitimacy and find it difficult to exercise any control or power within their own borders. They often find themselves confronted by insurgents or rebels who are trying to overthrow them and replace the regime with a tyrannical dictatorship style of government. This may lead to neighbouring states taking advantage of the vulnerability caused by the domestic problems within a state and may therefore cause such states to collapse. Afghanistan can be taken as an example of this, when in 2001 it was invaded by the US to remove the Taliban regime. It is accepted that military action is appropriate if a state is seen to be neglecting its citizens and their basic human rights and allowing terrorist organisations to operate within its borders. This shows that states do not have the automatic rights of sovereignty and that certain obligations to the rest of the world must be upheld in line with international law. If they are found to be in conflict with international law then the result maybe military action taken by UN member states. In the majority of cases it is the developing countries which display the characteristics of failing states and it is the western nations that take action. This therefore supports the view that the westphalian system can be considered to be a western phenomenon as it is the western states which are able to exercise their rights of sovereignty the most. It has been argued that although international law exists, as long as states adhere to this they will remain free from direct intervention from other states therefore their rights to sovereignty will not be compromised. Despite this it can be seen that sovereignty remains strongest in the so called super power nations. In conclusion it can be said that the westphalian state as recognised by the peace of Westphalia has not remained unchallenged and that these challenges have shown the westphalian system to be a temporary and western phenomenon. The key principles of the westphalian nation as stated above have been threatened by globalisation in particular and this has therefore led to the One of the major challenges to the westphalian state system over recent years has been the process of globalisation whereby economic, political and socio-cultural transactions are less and less constrained by national boundaries and the sovereign authority of national governments. . Many scholars feel that continuing to view the world in terms of the traditional westphalian logic is not very useful due to contemporary interdependencies. They believe that these ideas are now outdated and a new and more modern approach which is more applicable to the world today should be adopted by governments. Globalisation is the increasing movement of goods, information and ideas across national boundaries without significant direct participation and control by high level governmental actors. This involves heavy participation by various non-state actors, in particular NGOs. International organizations for example the UN, treaties, and economic globalization, have all begun to subtly constrain the states freedom of action, and therefore has eroded their jurisdiction from above. Ever since the founding of the UN there have been restrictions on states sovereignty from above, on their right to engage in aggression against their neighbours for example. In the course of time, countries have signed up to more and more treaties which prevent them from, say, testing nuclear weapons, or abusing the rights of children. The westphalian system can be considered to be a western phenomenon due to the notion of failed states. These failed states generally have a central government that is so weak or ineffective that it has little or no control over its territory. Public services are not adequately provided for, there is widespread corruption and criminality, there is involuntary movement of population and there is economic decline. In the majority of cases it is the developing countries which display the characteristics of failing states and it is the western nations that take action. This therefore supports the view that the westphalian system can be considered to be a western phenomenon as it is the western states which are able to exercise their rights of sovereignty the most. It has been argued that although international law exists, as long as states adhere to this they will remain free from direct intervention from other states therefore their rights to sovereignty will not be compromised. Despite this it can be seen that sovereignty remains strongest in the so called super power nations.

Reflection On Ncmh Mandaluyong City

Reflection On Ncmh Mandaluyong City A visit to countrys prime mental health institution, the National Center for Mental Health (NCMH) in Mandaluyong City. Essentially, the visit was intended to make us, students become familiar with NCMH set up, the delivery of health services provided and the condition of the patients who are confined in groups. Background of NCMH NCMH was established through Public Works Act 3258. It was formally opened on December 17, 1928 and was originally called the INSULAR PSYCHOPATIC HOSPITAL. It was later called the National Mental Hospital. On November 12, 1986, it was renamed NATIONAL CENTER FOR MENTAL HEALTH (NCMH) through Memorandum Circular No. 48 issued by the Office of the President.  ¹ Today, NCMH has an authorized bed capacity of 4,200 and a daily average of around 3,000 in-patients. It has a total of 35 Pavilions and 52 Wards sprawling on a 46.7 hectare compound in Mauway, Mandaluyong City. The NCMH is a special training and research hospital mandated to render a comprehensive (preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative) range of quality mental health services nationwide. It also gives and creates venues for quality mental health education, training and research geared towards hospital and community mental health services nationwide. ¹ In 2001, the World Health Organization provided a new understanding of mental disorders that offers new hope to the mentally ill and their families in all countries and all societies. It entails a comprehensive review of the contributing factors of the current and future disorders. It concludes with recommendations that can be adapted by every country according to its needs and its resources. Due to lack of studies here in the Philippines with regards to Mental Health, it is difficult to update the current situation in the delivery of services in the mental institutions especially in the government mental health facilitates. During our visit in the National Center for Mental Health, we are able to gather some information in terms of delivery of services, the process of admitting the mentally-ill patients and on how they generate funds to suffice the needs and provide services inside the institution. Our country at present is in the early stage of developing a mental health system. ² Due to limited legislative authority and no mental health law has been established, the allotted budget for mental health is only 0.02% of its total health budget, the latter being 3% of its GDP this is below the World Health Organizations (WHO) recommendations for developing countries. Mental health policy, programs and legislation are necessary steps for significant and sustained action. These should be based on current knowledge and human rights considerations. Most countries need to increase their budgets for mental health programs from existing low levels.à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ During the early part of our visit, Dr. Jose Loveria (Head of Pavilion 10-Chronic Improved Patients) accommodated us to gather some facts about the National Center for Mental Health. In NCMH, given the limited budget that they have, there are services inside the institution helping the institution to gain profit to allot for services and to sustain the existing these income generating strategies. Some of them are soap making, different accessories such as wallets made from zippers etc. These materials are located at Pavilion 14 and being sold by the nursing students and interns. A small hospital within the hospital, the Infirmary is equipped with X-ray and an ultrasound facility which is Philhealth accredited with 100 beds and classified it as medical center. ¹ It caters not only the patients inside but also patients coming from other referrals outside NCMH. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2007 published a report on its assessment on the mental health system in the Philippines. In partnership with the Department of Health (DoH), WHO gathered baseline information using the WHO Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS), for the purpose of enabling the country to develop mental health plans. WHO-AIMS findings reported that the NCMH has all 400 beds for forensic inpatients committed by court order.à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ´ During our visit, in Pavilion 14 which is intended for patient with court cases, the patients there were overcrowding due to lack of beds. There is a huge number of patients with court cases inside. According to Dr. Edison Galindez (only forensic psychiatrist in the country), they have several tasks to do due to lack of resident doctors trained in forensic psychiatry. They have this high number of patient per doctor ratio. Based on the WHO-AIMS report, there are 0.41 psychiatrists in the public sector per 100,000 population, and a ratio of 3.21 psychiatrists per 100,000 population working in mental health facilities based in urban areas. The distribution of human resources for mental health is likewise lopsided, favoring the urban centers or Metro Manila in particular. Still, in our country has an inadequate number of mental health staff providing care; this has slowed its progress in carrying out its de-institutionalization policy. We only have minimal data on refresher training for mental health staff, as well as data on the number of organizations, associations or nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) involved in mental health policies, legislation or advocacy. Having data in these areas would help service planning and resource allocation.  ³ Dr. Bernardo Conde noted in his article in the International Review of Psychiatry that the governments attempts to integrate mental health in general health services have failed. Large hospitals must cope with thousands of patients while community-based programs remained undeveloped. à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ´ Acute psychiatric wards in regional medical centers and provincial hospitals have never been set up. Government general hospitals have no acute psychiatric units because of lack of budget. The access to mental health facilities nationwide is therefore very much uneven across the country, especially as many of the facilities remain located in the National Capital Region.à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ´ Since the National Center for Mental Health and some private institutions with psychiatric wards are mostly located in NCR, in terms of mental health promotion, it is done primarily in these tertiary institutions and not reaching the grass-roots level according to Dr. Beverly Azucena (OIC, Chief Medical Staff-Hospital Service). There are also initiatives being done by the other sectors of the government in promoting mental health according to her. On the other hand, there are coordinating bodies that oversee public education and awareness campaigns on mental health and mental disorders. Sectors should be involved in improving the mental health of communities.à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ Government agencies, NGOs, professional associations, and private foundations have promoted public education and awareness campaigns, in their own capacity, in the last five years according to WHO-AIMS. In terms of research, according to World Health Report of WHO in 2001, more research into biological and psychosocial aspects of mental health is needed in order to increase the understanding of mental disorders and to develop more effective interventions. In NCMH, according to Dr. Azucena, there are on-going research studies in the institution, but it is focused more on the clinical aspect of mental health. Research in our country is focused on non-epidemiological clinical/questionnaires assessments of mental disorders and services research. The research consists of monographs, theses, and publications in non-indexed journals. There are mental health research publications in indexed journals (e.g., Philippine Journal of Psychiatry is indexed in the Western Pacific Regional Index Medicus).à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ´ Challenges encountered by the Mental Health Care Providers At present, we are in the stage of developing the status of mental health based on the recommendations of World Health Organization. The major resource in the Philippines is its highly literate population who also values education and professional development. Academic institutions and training centers have in the last 4 decades developed good programs to educate and develop the mental health human resources, specifically psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses and allied mental health professionals.à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ It contributed a lot in terms of the understanding on the management of mental health disorders and in the development of mental health programs in our country. I am agree with what WHO-AIMS mentioned in their report that the challenge is on how to motivate these professionals to stay here in the country and sustain their involvement, especially in the community setting, because our country is continuing to lose this valuable and crucial resource to overseas empl oyment. Giving priority to this by the government nationally and locally would be a start of a new beginning in the development of mental health in our country.

Marshal McLuhan †Charlatan or Visionary? :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Marshal McLuhan – Charlatan or Visionary? Marshal McLuhan has been described as both a â€Å"media prophet† and a â€Å"pop professor† (Wilcox). Although his book The Medium is the Massage was rejected by some academics (Wilcox), it became a popular success outside the academic world. His ability to coin such phrases as the â€Å"global village† and his ideas on how media influences culture allowed McLuhan to become an icon of the counterculture movement of the 1960’s. Some scholars argue that McLuhan’s voice was even â€Å"swallowed up in the popular cultural movement† (Surette). The word macluhanisme has been adopted into the French language as â€Å"a synonym for the world of pop culture† (Playboy). But was McLuhan truly a pioneering scholar? It surely depends on how one defines â€Å"pioneering scholar†. I believe that many of McLuhan’s ideas, even if they have become their own clichà ©s and are not wholly understood, are valuable contributions to our academ ic and cultural heritage by the fact that they are still discussed today. McLuhan’s writings have opened up a forum for much discussion and academic study, and have laid the foundation for an area of study on communication mediums. In an interview with Playboy magazine, McLuhan argues that â€Å"man must, as a simple survival strategy, become aware of what is happening to him, despite the attendant pain of such comprehension† (Playboy). McLuhan states that his work has the â€Å"purpose of trying to understand our technological environment and its psychic and social consequences† (Playboy). Many of McLuhan’s ideas concerning media can be classified as technologically deterministic. He argued that several technologies, alphabetic writing and movable type, were responsible for the â€Å"detribilization† of society. By â€Å"detribilization† he was referring to the creation of the individual who is responsible for his/her own ideas. He then argued that in recent times, a â€Å"retribilization† was occurring because of the introduction of electricity-based communications technologies such as radio and television. As Playboy writes, this is the â€Å"electronics revolution that will ultimately retribalize man by restoring his sensory balance†. As critic Tom Wolfe asked: "Suppose [McLuhan] is what he sounds like: the most important thinker since Newton, Darwin, Freud, Einstein, and Pavlov - what if he is right?

Digestive System Essay -- essays research papers

Purpose The digestive system prepares food for use by hundreds of millions of body cells. Food when eaten cannot reach cells (because it cannot pass through the intestinal walls to the bloodstream and, if it could would not be in a useful chemical state. The gut modifies food physically and chemically and disposes of unusable waste. Physical and chemical modification (digestion) depends on exocrine and endocrine secretions and controlled movement of food through the digestive tract. Mouth Mouth Food enters the digestive system via the mouth or oral cavity, mucous membrane lined. The lips (labia) protect its outer opening, cheeks form lateral walls, hard palate and soft palate form anterior/posterior roof. Communication with nasal cavity behind soft palate. Floor is muscular tongue. Tongue has bony attachments (styloid process, hyoid bone) attached to floor of mouth by frenulum. Posterior exit from mouth guarded by a ring of palatine/lingual tonsils. Enlargement sore throat, tonsillitis. Food is first processed (bitten off) by teeth, especially the anterior incisors. Suitably sized portions then retained in closed mouth and chewed or masticated (especially by cheek teeth, premolars, molars) aided by saliva Ducted salivary glands open at various points into mouth. This process involves teeth (muscles of mastication move jaws) and tongue (extrinsic and intrinsic muscles). Mechanical breakdown, plus some chemical (ptyalin, enzyme in saliva). Taste buds allow appreciation, also sample potential hazards (chemicals, toxins) Swallowing In leaving the mouth a bolus of food must cross the respiratory tract (trachea is anterior to oesophagus) by a complicated mechanism known as swallowing or deglutination which empties the mouth and ensures that food does not enter the windpipe. Swallowing involves co-ordinated activity of tongue, soft palate pharynx and oesophagus. The first (buccal) phase is voluntary, food being forced into the pharynx by the tongue. After this the process is reflex. The tongue blocks the mouth, soft palate closes off the nose and the larynx rises so that the epiglottis closes off the trachea. Food thus moves into the pharynx and onwards by peristalsis aided by gravity. If we try to talk whilst swallowing food may enter the respiratory passages and a cough reflex expels the bolus. Oesophagus The oesophagus (about 10") is the first part of the... ...a mixture of mucus and serous fluids, each produced to various extent in various glands. Also contains salivary amylase, (starts to break down starch) (antibacterial) and antibodies. In some mammals (and snakes!) saliva may be poisonous, quieting down living prey. Pancreas Endocrine and exocrine gland. Exocrine part produces many enzymes which enter the duodenum via the pancreatic duct. Endocrine part produces insulin, blood sugar regulator. Liver and gallbladder Bile, a watery greenish fluid is produced by the liver and secreted via the hepatic duct and cystic duct to the gall bladder for storage, and thence on demand via the common bile duct to an opening near the pancreatic duct in the duodenum. It contains bile salts, bile pigments (mainly bilerubin, essentially the non-iron part of hemoglobin) cholesterol and phospholipids. Bile salts and phosholipds emulsify fats, the rest are just being excreted. Gallstones are usually cholesterol based, may block the hepatic or common bile ducts causing pain, jaundice. Liver Multi functional: important in this context since the capillaries of the small intestine drain fat and other nutrient rich lymph into it via the hepatic portal system.

Why Kellogg

Why have you elected to apply to the Kellogg School Executive MBA Program My ambition is to enhance my knowledge in global strategy, eEntrepreneurship, and marketing, and buildwhile building strong relationships with successful leaders and innovative thinkers worldwide. and I want truly wish to learn from the school that has been consistently ranked No. 1#1 in for Executive MBA programs due to for the quality of its faculty members, students and teaching methods.Kellogg is my first choice because it uncompromisingly addresses real life aspects of business. The way the learning model is organized through (interactive means as study groups, analysis of actual real- life business cases, classes and workshops) provides the ideal learning environment for people those who may havewith an experience to share. At Kellogg, the emphasis is put on the team work.Curriculums, a perfect combination of theory and practice, are is updated with current techniques and technologies, and moreover, can r eceive inputs from studentsinput from students is welcome. I value the fact that Nnearly every single professor in Kellogg’s EMBA program is the author of the famous bookshas authored a book, among and they are all being a true pioneers in their field.The current EMBA curriculum emphasis on gGeneral mManagement and along with an excellent choiceexcellent options for of global electives (such as gGlobal initiatives in mManagement) will enhance my knowledge in global markets. All these things will help me formulateing an effective global sStrategy for the product development at SyncadaXXXXX. My long- term career goals and establishing my own in Ccompany in eE-commerce requires me to sell my ideas effectively to the prospective customers.Marketing, Kellogg’s best-known strength, will put me at aon a fast track to achieve my these goals. Kellogg’s worldwide nNetwork is huge and nearly one third of its alumni reside outside North America and I want exploit it one I w ish to to build upon . I would like to and grow relationships with influential leaders across the world. Finally, the city of Chicago is a serious plus that will put me in the heart of one of the world's business capital. The proximity to the Minneapolis is always plus for me to reduce my travel time to Kellogg.

Panera Bread Essay

Panera scrawl is a nationwide cognize eatery that provides aid nutriments in a train atmosphere. Panera profit is in the line of bakery-caf. They obstinate to set themselves apart from eateries such as McDonalds, W mop upys, and Burger King. The stores ar equipped with real outline settings and Wi-Fi. Panera scraping specializes in a novelty fresh sunbaked gelt and meal options for the health conscience customer.SWOT epitome Strengths Panera boodle is known nationwide and this helps to draw in customers. Panera carbohydrate has an assortment of fresh breads and meal passingings to accommodate those that are health conscience. Panera lucre moved past the fast food market and decided to strait high-quality, premium food to its customers. The overall ambience of the eatery gives an intimate, at home feel that makes the customer requirement Scott Davis, senior vice president and fountainhead concept office had a make headway vision of the direction Panera scrap ing would take and a befool strategy of how to strive that goal.WeaknessThe eatery offers premium, fast dining and the prices whitethorn appear to be on the high end to customers. Panera Bread has non been fit to increase the frequency of which customers dine at the eatery. In order to enter as a franchise, Panera Bread has a very strict list of criteria that makes it difficult to stipulate.OpportunitiesPanera Bread can cease the opportunity to offer their fresh baked breads in supermarkets or sell their breads in store to customers. Panera Bread has the opportunity to offer a cut back end eating experience. This lower end chain will solicitation to potential customers who cannot afford and expensive meal for the family.ThreatsPanera Breads direct competition is fast-casual restaurants. The interchange in the economy has affected how frequently individuals and families go outside of the home to dine. secondarys 1.Offer Panera Breads signature dough and bread to local sup ermarkets or for sell at the Panera stores. 2.Introducing a lower market restaurant. 3.Make entree the franchise easier by making the criteria to qualify less strict.Discussion of Alternatives Alternative 1 Pros Offering their dough for purchase by customers has the potential to generate to a greater extent tax for the company. It will also introduce the Panera Bread brand into households of those who have not visited the restaurant.Cons The hail to produce the fresh dough to customers whitethorn exceed the overall gain to the company.Alternative 2 Pros Introducing an alternate chain to appeal to a lower income customer udder will expand the customer base. With the empower state of the economy, families are finding it disenfranchised to eat out especially when the prices are high.Cons This particular alternative detours the company from their clear goal. With so many affordable eateries, Panera Bread strives to set itself apart from the others.Alternative 3 Pros Easing the cri teria would make entry in the franchise easier. This will allow for more Panera Bread stores to open.Cons Easing the criteria would deteriorate the stability of the franchise. The strict criteria ensure the overall supremacy of the franchise.Recommendations Panera Bread would benefit most by teaming up with supermarkets to supply fresh baked Panera Bread. Even though the company itself does not serve frozen bread, it may be a good idea to offer the frozen dough for customers to purchase.

Psychology and Impact Personality Development

1. narrow down soulfulnessality. 2. excise ap trick how biological, maculational and mental excepttes impact character break dancement. 3. contend affectionate and cultural contributions to temper development. 4. divulge the major(ip) garbage disposalal theories of psycheality. 5. exposit the major summons theories of character. 6. Evaluate the major reputation theories. 7. contend the strengths and weaknesses of comm save utilise genius mind techniques, daring, dependability. Define spirit. Personality Is a incompar open and relatively invariable shipway in which race recollect, feel and be attain * Is molded by biological, spotal, and psychological offshootes in a sociocultural and development circumstance * Impacts throngs cognition, motivation and behavior tailvas how biological, emplacemental and psychological processes impact reputation development. biologic * A persons record results from 4 humours (ancient theory) * Blood from fancy sanguine cheerful * Choler from liver- brainish umbrageous * Melancholer from spleen melancholy down(p) * composure from brain- phlegmatic sluggish anterior lobes regulates whizzs grassroots disposition * virtuallyvirtuoso differences in reputation organize from eternal rest of neurotransmitters * Adrenal secreter, thyroid gland, pituitary gland gland and endocrine gland hit disposition. * Kagans question on genic reason of coyness on recent born(p)s * fractious and suppress infants became shy and egotism-examining * slight excitable and bold infants became out(a)going * uphold of reputation in antithetical directions Situational * milieu affects us by operant and Graeco-Ro macro romainem t apiece * (1) Physical surround It includes the forge of climatic conditions of a extra flying field or country on man and his living. * (2) brotherly surround * The claw has his birth in the society. He learns and lives there. Hence, the social milieu has an principal(prenominal) say in the spirit development of the tyke. * E. g. superstar would crop with an surpass fry a great deal than an curb iodin pushes inhibited child towards modesty * (3) Family surroundings * Child stupefys in contact with his p arnts and other family member. His correspondings, dis wish wells, stereotypes ab come on citizenry, expectancies of security and stirred answers e genuinely(prenominal) last(predicate) be shaped in wee puerility. The type of training and premature childishness features figure out an important berth in the development of constitution. * Besides this, frugal promoters i. e. , stinting condition of the family and the type of traffic in the midst of the p argonnts also yield the genius of the child. * (4) heathenish Environment * Individualism in westerners vs collectivism in Africa ca utilise by environment * physical contact difference in the general distinction of shyness pissd by how each ending dealt with the childs success and failures. Who gets credit rating for adept grades, gets blamed for non acquire them? Childcautious, low risk taker * (5) directtime Environment * In the school, the teacher substitutes the p atomic number 18nts. * The school poses unexampled problems to be solved, new taboos to be evaluate into the superego and new lays for imitation and recognition psychicalal Processes * 3 kinds of process theories * Psychodynamic/ psychoanalysis- * motivation, especially unconscious(p) mind(p) motives and the influence of past receives on out noetic health * Humanistic- deducting and our present, immanent ingenuousness what we think is ipt in a flash and how we think of ourselves in relation to others * cognitive- * mold of knowledge, perceptual experience and social interaction on conduct Describe the major dispositional theories of record. Dispositional theories adumbrate temperaments, traits or types (set of spirit characteristics) provide consonance to individualists personality all over time. spirit * Biologically secondaryd personality dispositions * probable in too soon childishness, puddle tail end of personality & individuals commence to aliveness * Inherited temperament may set the range of your receipt to some life situation but it does non fully determine your life experiences * metamorphose also by family position, experiences, and penny-pinching hotshot of ego * Usually refers to dominant huge standing(a) themes eg shyness/moodiness * Role of frontal lobes in regulating nonpareils staple fiber disposition * Individual differences in temperament arise from balance of neurotransmitters * Influenced by education * Heredity and environment interact with ab initio inherited characteristics becoming amplified * E. . one would play with an outgoing child much than an inhibited one pushes inhibited child towards shyness * E. g. experimental breeding peculia ritys * egress from temperaments and influenced by experiences * Guides thoughts and actions under various conditions * comparatively shelter * BIG 5 Traits * nudity to experience, Conscientious, Extraversion, Agreeableness, psychoneurosis * Has legality across destinations (but or so of these studies use university students as respondents who are to a greater extent influenced by European-Ameri enkindle pecks * Quite accurate Labels a person but achieves no account on why Evaluation of Trait Theories XPortrayed personality as fixed and nonmoving kinda than a process that can endure development changes depending on experiences Xoversimplified our conglomerate nature XDo non tell much approximately their source or how traits interacts X SELF-FULFILLING soothsaying where ppl kick the bucket influenced by the pits and it became terrible for them to change the unenviable conduct. E. g. a child denominate shy pull up stakes necessitate to beat w two the label and the traits * Gives us ability to predict demeanor Assessing traits * using * MMPI-2 for clinical traits base on mental problems * Not possible to mould collectable to lie scales * Must be used w care in non-Western countries/ minorities cos not tumesce be in the samples used in return the running game * NEO personality farm animal (NEO-PI) base on big 5 * both spend a penny excellent reliability ( legitimate and stable scores) * some(prenominal) cede good inclemency (measure what they were designed to measure eg signs of mental disturbance) * Barnum effects tendency for mass to gestate very general or dumb characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate * descriptions can well apply to others * reliability and validity are important attributes of good psychological tests * determination personality type * grade that represents a common cluster of personality characteristics * MBTI Myers-Briggs persona Indicator * Not reliable, not valid * Ppl dont ensconce into distinguishable types but more along the introversion-extraversion continuum Describe the major process theories of personality.While each of the process theories finds different forces at written report in personality, all portray personality as a result of versed mental processes and social interactions. Psychodynamic theories 1. Sigmund Freud psychodynamic approach * focalize is on influence of unconscious forces (psychic determinism) knotty to resurrect * Personality is a office staff of 3 main themes unconscious forces, childhood experiences, gender * Not scientific, hindsight bias ( over furiousness on childhood ), unconscious mind is not that abuse and turbulent * Structure of personality Id * unconscious reservoir * contains basic motives, drives and reasonablenessive desires * pushes for present(prenominal) gratification * egotism-importance * Governed by reality principle * Decision devising parting * Mediator btw Id and reality * Superego * Governed by pietism and social standards (conscience) * An individuals view of the kind of person he or she should strive to become * psycho familiar stages * Ego defense team mechanism- largely unconscious mental strategy employed to lower the experience of conflict or foreboding * demurral I dont have a problem Rationalization- I victimise because everyone does it give socially received reasons for actions one think is socially inconceivable * answer formulation goodie goodie act in confrontation of their desire- act exactly in contrary to their unconscious desires * Displacement- kick the dog- shifty your reply from real source of excruciation to a safer individual or fair game * Regression- cry, accident things to reduce stress- regress to in front developmental stage * Sublimation- channel disconfirming to positivist eg sexual desires to creativity on art * Projection- attribute own unconscious desires/fears to others * take to assureive testing 2. Ad ler Struggle with sexual and antipathetical impulses not primary factor in personality development * simple shin overcome inferiority soupcons, develop high quality feelings in social relationships (later seen as sunburned due to overcompensation) * Outgrow childhood inferiority, become competent adult * completely born with positive motive, social involvement * states lives governed by their goals 3. Karen Horney * Freud overemphasized sexual conflicts, genus Phallus envy, and criticized his views of women * When basic worry gets out of bear, deal become neurotic (basic desires interpreted to fundamental eg need for a partner) * slipway people deal with basic anxiety * melt down towards others, against others, away from others 4. Other Neo-Freudian Theorists * veritable notions of psychic determinism and unconscious motivation * Did not go for on sex and last instinct or the indelible nature of early life experiences. Put greater emphasis on ego uses (ego defenc e,dev of ego or else of on unconsciousness) * Gave social variables an impt percentage (culture, family sort of of impulsive urges, unconscious conflicts) * extensive personality development to include aliveness (instead of only childhood) Projective testing Diagnosis via a exoneration mechanism * Ambiguous plans to analyse peoples innermost feelings, motive, conflicts, and desires * E. g. inkblot test Inkblot Technique- not quarry * E. g. Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)- indeterminate picture n tell history * newspaper publisher aggression, sexual demand, rs Humanistic eyeshot main Theoretical tenants 1) macrocosm have an innate drive for personal growth ) serviceman have free will not ascendanceled by the environment 3) Humans are conscious and rational not applyled by unconscious forces 4) Ones innate view is more important than objective reality * Abraham Maslow s needs power structure * Interested in ruddy serviceman psychology * Criticisms Not testable , Unrealistic, Method, Culture-specific * Carl Rogers Person-Centred conjecture * Believed that terra firma have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self- materialize * To achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence. * digression may exist in the midst of a persons lofty self and actual experience. This is called incongruence. Where a persons ideal self and actual experience are consistent or very similar, a state of congruence exists. * The big the discrepancies betwixt the two, the more psychological problems one experiences * reading of congruence is dependent on two-dimensional positive regard. * As we pick out to see ourselves in ways that are consistent with our self-image, we may use defence mechanisms like denial or repression in request to feel less menace by some of what we consider to be our undesirable feelings. * Evaluation * Self revolve around picture of personality, looking through the electron lens of laissez-faire(a) cult ure * But however in collectivism, self exists * Self- gaze, a cause or effect? Bullies and drug users in truth have high self esteem * dialect on positive achievements and pro-social demeanors * Fails to blot its function in a world change with evil of all kinds Social cognitive theories Social Learning * Cognitive learning which new responses are acquired after(prenominal) ceremonial others deportment and the consequences of that doings * outlook of gaining pay drives us to acquire that response * We reject or accept the function model base on consequences of their actions * bilateral determinism is the process which cognitions, behaviour and the environment inversely influence each other * Jane likes vb (cognition), spends more time playing on campus (env) and interacting w teammates (social behaviour) rewardingthis activeness will reciprocally build up your chase in vb. Locus of control stinkers theory our behaviour depends on our locus of control * Changes from situation to situation * Internal locus of control * obedient student, smart and have good grades indispensable in academic settings * immaterial locus of control * Overweight and come from a family w obesity orthogonal in restaurants. Evaluation * Overemphasize rational culture processing and overlook both emotion and unconscious processes * Strength lies in root word of solid psychological research able to come up with treatments for mental disorders that ofttimes seem to involve observational learning esp anxiety- based disorders (phobias and behaviour disorders in children) behavioral Operant and unpolluted condition ) In classical, the organism learns an railroad tie between two stimuli (the NS and UCS) in operant, the organism learns an tie-up between the behaviour and its consequences 2) In classical, the behaviour is elicited by the remark (not voluntary, like a reflex) in operant, the behaviour is emitted (under the control of the organism) * Pavlovs classical c onditioning * Chrissys sleepover case * B. F mule skinners Operant conditioning * cocksure payoff & Negative reinforcement (remove negative stimuli) strengthens response, * penalisation (give unpleasant stimuli) weakens response * Behaviour is firm by situations one is in (situationism) * muckle represent in ways to pillow slip their situations Behaviours cannot be consistent replete to be traits because situations change * Solution behaviours influenced by both person and situation (person X situation interactionism) * One situation influences people in different ways Theories to understand ourselves 1. covert personality theories a. Assumptions about personality used to simplify the task of understanding others, eg. Blondes are not smart b. may give bad predictions when one project his feelings onto others and grab hes feeling the like way c. Mindset 2. Self-narratives d. serve well ppl sense a thread of amity through their personalities over time e. redemptory self where one overcome obstacles to attend others 3. Both theories are influenced by culture psychology and Impact Personality Development1. Define personality. 2. Analyze how biological, situational and mental processes impact personality development. 3. Discuss social and cultural contributions to personality development. 4. Describe the major dispositional theories of personality. 5. Describe the major process theories of personality. 6. Evaluate the major personality theories. 7. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of commonly used personality assessment techniques, validity, reliability. Define personality. Personality Is a unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel and behave * Is shaped by biological, situational, and mental processes in a sociocultural and development context * Impacts peoples cognition, motivation and behaviour Analyze how biological, situational and mental processes impact personality development. Biological * A persons temperament result s from 4 humours (ancient theory) * Blood from heart sanguine cheerful * Choler from liver- choleric angry * Melancholer from spleen melancholy depressed * Phlegm from brain- phlegmatic sluggish Frontal lobes regulates ones basic disposition * Individual differences in temperament arise from balance of neurotransmitters * Adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pituitary gland and endocrine gland affect personality. * Kagans research on inherited basis of shyness on new borns * Excitable and inhibited infants became shy and introverted * Less excitable and bold infants became extraverted * push of nature in different directions Situational * Environment affects us through operant and classical conditioning * (1) Physical Environment It includes the influence of climatic conditions of a particular area or country on man and his living. * (2) Social Environment * The child has his birth in the society. He learns and lives there. Hence, the social environment has an important say in the person ality development of the child. * E. g. one would play with an outgoing child more than an inhibited one pushes inhibited child towards shyness * (3) Family Environment * Child comes in contact with his parents and other family member. His likes, dislikes, stereotypes about people, expectancies of security and emotional responses all are shaped in early childhood. The type of training and early childhood experiences play an important role in the development of personality. * Besides this, economic factors i. e. , economic condition of the family and the type of relations between the parents also influence the personality of the child. * (4) Cultural Environment * Individualism in westerners vs collectivism in Africa caused by environment * Striking difference in the universal trait of shyness caused by how each culture dealt with the childs success and failures. Who gets credit for good grades, gets blamed for not getting them? Childcautious, low risk taker * (5) School Environment * In the school, the teacher substitutes the parents. * The school poses new problems to be solved, new taboos to be accepted into the superego and new models for imitation and identification Mental Processes * 3 kinds of process theories * Psychodynamic/ psychoanalysis- * motivation, especially unconscious motives and the influence of past experiences on out mental health * Humanistic- consciousness and our present, subjective reality what we think is ipt now and how we think of ourselves in relation to others * Cognitive- * Influence of learning, perception and social interaction on behaviour Describe the major dispositional theories of personality. Dispositional theories suggest temperaments, traits or types (set of personality characteristics) provide consistency to individuals personality over time. Temperament * Biologically based personality dispositions * Apparent in early childhood, Establish foundation of personality & individuals approach to life * Inherited temperament m ay set the range of your response to some life situation but it does not fully determine your life experiences * Affected also by family position, experiences, and sense of self * Usually refers to dominant long standing themes eg shyness/moodiness * Role of frontal lobes in regulating ones basic disposition * Individual differences in temperament arise from balance of neurotransmitters * Influenced by learning * Heredity and environment interact with initially inherited characteristics becoming amplified * E. . one would play with an outgoing child more than an inhibited one pushes inhibited child towards shyness * E. g. observational learning Traits * Emerge from temperaments and influenced by experiences * Guides thoughts and actions under various conditions * Relatively stable * BIG 5 Traits * Openness to experience, Conscientious, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism * Has validity across cultures (but most of these studies utilized university students as respondents who ar e more influenced by European-American views * Quite accurate Labels a person but gives no explanation on why Evaluation of Trait Theories XPortrayed personality as fixed and static rather than a process that can undergo development changes depending on experiences Xoversimplified our complex nature XDo not tell much about their source or how traits interacts X SELF-FULFILLING prophecy where ppl become influenced by the labels and it became hard for them to change the undesirable behaviour. E. g. a child labelled shy will have to struggle w both the label and the traits * Gives us ability to predict behaviour Assessing traits * Using * MMPI-2 for clinical traits base on mental problems * Not possible to fake due to lie scales * Must be used w care in non-Western countries/ minorities cos not well represented in the samples used in developing the test * NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI) base on big 5 * Both have excellent reliability (consistent and stable scores) * Both have good v alidity (measure what they were designed to measure eg signs of mental disturbance) * Barnum effects tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate * descriptions can well apply to others * reliability and validity are important attributes of good psychological tests * Finding personality type * Category that represents a common cluster of personality characteristics * MBTI Myers-Briggs Type Indicator * Not reliable, not valid * Ppl dont fall into different types but more along the introversion-extraversion continuum Describe the major process theories of personality.While each of the process theories sees different forces at work in personality, all portray personality as a result of internal mental processes and social interactions. Psychodynamic theories 1. Sigmund Freud psychodynamic approach * focus is on influence of unconscious forces (psychic determinism) difficult to prove * Personality is a function of 3 ma in themes unconscious forces, childhood experiences, sex * Not scientific, hindsight bias ( overemphasis on childhood ), unconscious mind is not that malign and turbulent * Structure of personality Id * Unconscious reservoir * contains basic motives, drives and instinctive desires * pushes for immediate gratification * Ego * Governed by reality principle * Decision making component * Mediator btw Id and reality * Superego * Governed by morality and social standards (conscience) * An individuals view of the kind of person he or she should strive to become * Psychosexual stages * Ego defence mechanism- largely unconscious mental strategy employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety * Denial I dont have a problem Rationalization- I cheat because everyone does it give socially accepted reasons for actions one think is socially unacceptable * Reaction formulation goodie goodie act in opposite of their desire- act exactly in opposition to their unconscious desires * Displac ement- kick the dog- shifting your reaction from real source of distress to a safer individual or object * Regression- cry, throw things to reduce stress- regress to earlier developmental stage * Sublimation- channel negative to positive eg sexual desires to creativity on art * Projection- attribute own unconscious desires/fears to others * Led to projective testing 2. Adler Struggle with sexual and hostile impulses not primary factor in personality development * Primary struggle overcome inferiority feelings, develop superiority feelings in social relationships (later seen as unhealthy due to overcompensation) * Outgrow childhood inferiority, become competent adult * All born with positive motive, social interest * Peoples lives governed by their goals 3. Karen Horney * Freud overemphasized sexual conflicts, penis envy, and criticized his views of women * When basic anxiety gets out of control, people become neurotic (basic desires taken to extreme eg need for a partner) * Ways peo ple deal with basic anxiety * Move towards others, against others, away from others 4. Other Neo-Freudian Theorists * Accepted notions of psychic determinism and unconscious motivation * Did not agree on sex and death instinct or the indelible nature of early life experiences. Put greater emphasis on ego functions (ego defence,dev of self instead of on unconsciousness) * Gave social variables an impt role (culture, family instead of instinctive urges, unconscious conflicts) * Extended personality development to include lifespan (instead of only childhood) Projective testing Diagnosis via a defense mechanism * Ambiguous pictures to probe peoples innermost feelings, motive, conflicts, and desires * E. g. Rorschach Inkblot Technique- not objective * E. g. Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)- ambiguous picture n tell story * Theme aggression, sexual needs, rs Humanistic Perspective Main Theoretical tenants 1) Humans have an innate drive for personal growth ) Humans have free will not contro lled by the environment 3) Humans are conscious and rational not controlled by unconscious forces 4) Ones subjective view is more important than objective reality * Abraham Maslow s needs hierarchy * Interested in healthy human psychology * Criticisms Not testable, Unrealistic, Method, Culture-specific * Carl Rogers Person-Centred Theory * Believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self-actualize * To achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence. * Difference may exist between a persons ideal self and actual experience. This is called incongruence. Where a persons ideal self and actual experience are consistent or very similar, a state of congruence exists. * The larger the discrepancies between the two, the more psychological problems one experiences * Development of congruence is dependent on unconditional positive regard. * As we prefer to see ourselves in ways that are consistent with our self-image, we may use defence mechanisms like denial or repression in order to feel less threatened by some of what we consider to be our undesirable feelings. * Evaluation * Self centered picture of personality, looking through the lens of individualistic culture * But even in collectivism, self exists * Self-esteem, a cause or effect? Bullies and drug users actually have high self esteem * Emphasis on positive achievements and pro-social behaviours * Fails to recognize its function in a world filled with evil of all kinds Social Cognitive theories Social Learning * Cognitive learning which new responses are acquired after watching others behaviour and the consequences of that behaviour * Expectation of gaining reward drives us to acquire that response * We reject or accept the role model base on consequences of their actions * Reciprocal determinism is the process which cognitions, behaviour and the environment mutually influence each other * Jane likes vb (cognition), spends more time playing on campus (env) and interacting w teammates (social behaviour) rewardingthis activity will reciprocally strengthen your interest in vb. Locus of control Rotters theory our behaviour depends on our locus of control * Changes from situation to situation * Internal locus of control * Good student, smart and have good grades internal in academic settings * External locus of control * Overweight and come from a family w obesity external in restaurants. Evaluation * Overemphasize rational information processing and overlook both emotion and unconscious processes * Strength lies in foundation of solid psychological research able to come up with treatments for mental disorders that often seem to involve observational learning esp anxiety- based disorders (phobias and behaviour disorders in children) Behavioural Operant and Classical conditioning ) In classical, the organism learns an association between two stimuli (the NS and UCS) in operant, the organism learns an association between the behaviour and its consequences 2) In classical, the behaviour is elicited by the stimulus (not voluntary, like a reflex) in operant, the behaviour is emitted (under the control of the organism) * Pavlovs classical conditioning * Chrissys sleepover case * B. F Skinners Operant conditioning * Positive reinforcement & Negative reinforcement (remove negative stimuli) strengthens response, * Punishment (give unpleasant stimuli) weakens response * Behaviour is determined by situations one is in (situationism) * People behave in ways to suit their situations Behaviours cannot be consistent enough to be traits because situations change * Solution behaviours influenced by both person and situation (person X situation interactionism) * One situation influences people in different ways Theories to understand ourselves 1. Implicit personality theories a. Assumptions about personality used to simplify the task of understanding others, eg. Blondes are not smart b. May give bad predictions when one project his feelings onto oth ers and assume hes feeling the same way c. Mindset 2. Self-narratives d. Help ppl sense a thread of consistency through their personalities over time e. Redemptive self where one overcome obstacles to help others 3. Both theories are influenced by culture