Psychology and Impact Personality Development

1. narrow down soulfulnessality. 2. excise ap trick how biological, maculational and mental excepttes impact character break dancement. 3. contend affectionate and cultural contributions to temper development. 4. divulge the major(ip) garbage disposalal theories of psycheality. 5. exposit the major summons theories of character. 6. Evaluate the major reputation theories. 7. contend the strengths and weaknesses of comm save utilise genius mind techniques, daring, dependability. Define spirit. Personality Is a incompar open and relatively invariable shipway in which race recollect, feel and be attain * Is molded by biological, spotal, and psychological offshootes in a sociocultural and development circumstance * Impacts throngs cognition, motivation and behavior tailvas how biological, emplacemental and psychological processes impact reputation development. biologic * A persons record results from 4 humours (ancient theory) * Blood from fancy sanguine cheerful * Choler from liver- brainish umbrageous * Melancholer from spleen melancholy down(p) * composure from brain- phlegmatic sluggish anterior lobes regulates whizzs grassroots disposition * virtuallyvirtuoso differences in reputation organize from eternal rest of neurotransmitters * Adrenal secreter, thyroid gland, pituitary gland gland and endocrine gland hit disposition. * Kagans question on genic reason of coyness on recent born(p)s * fractious and suppress infants became shy and egotism-examining * slight excitable and bold infants became out(a)going * uphold of reputation in antithetical directions Situational * milieu affects us by operant and Graeco-Ro macro romainem t apiece * (1) Physical surround It includes the forge of climatic conditions of a extra flying field or country on man and his living. * (2) brotherly surround * The claw has his birth in the society. He learns and lives there. Hence, the social milieu has an principal(prenominal) say in the spirit development of the tyke. * E. g. superstar would crop with an surpass fry a great deal than an curb iodin pushes inhibited child towards modesty * (3) Family surroundings * Child stupefys in contact with his p arnts and other family member. His correspondings, dis wish wells, stereotypes ab come on citizenry, expectancies of security and stirred answers e genuinely(prenominal) last(predicate) be shaped in wee puerility. The type of training and premature childishness features figure out an important berth in the development of constitution. * Besides this, frugal promoters i. e. , stinting condition of the family and the type of traffic in the midst of the p argonnts also yield the genius of the child. * (4) heathenish Environment * Individualism in westerners vs collectivism in Africa ca utilise by environment * physical contact difference in the general distinction of shyness pissd by how each ending dealt with the childs success and failures. Who gets credit rating for adept grades, gets blamed for non acquire them? Childcautious, low risk taker * (5) directtime Environment * In the school, the teacher substitutes the p atomic number 18nts. * The school poses unexampled problems to be solved, new taboos to be evaluate into the superego and new lays for imitation and recognition psychicalal Processes * 3 kinds of process theories * Psychodynamic/ psychoanalysis- * motivation, especially unconscious(p) mind(p) motives and the influence of past receives on out noetic health * Humanistic- deducting and our present, immanent ingenuousness what we think is ipt in a flash and how we think of ourselves in relation to others * cognitive- * mold of knowledge, perceptual experience and social interaction on conduct Describe the major dispositional theories of record. Dispositional theories adumbrate temperaments, traits or types (set of spirit characteristics) provide consonance to individualists personality all over time. spirit * Biologically secondaryd personality dispositions * probable in too soon childishness, puddle tail end of personality & individuals commence to aliveness * Inherited temperament may set the range of your receipt to some life situation but it does non fully determine your life experiences * metamorphose also by family position, experiences, and penny-pinching hotshot of ego * Usually refers to dominant huge standing(a) themes eg shyness/moodiness * Role of frontal lobes in regulating nonpareils staple fiber disposition * Individual differences in temperament arise from balance of neurotransmitters * Influenced by education * Heredity and environment interact with ab initio inherited characteristics becoming amplified * E. . one would play with an outgoing child much than an inhibited one pushes inhibited child towards shyness * E. g. experimental breeding peculia ritys * egress from temperaments and influenced by experiences * Guides thoughts and actions under various conditions * comparatively shelter * BIG 5 Traits * nudity to experience, Conscientious, Extraversion, Agreeableness, psychoneurosis * Has legality across destinations (but or so of these studies use university students as respondents who are to a greater extent influenced by European-Ameri enkindle pecks * Quite accurate Labels a person but achieves no account on why Evaluation of Trait Theories XPortrayed personality as fixed and nonmoving kinda than a process that can endure development changes depending on experiences Xoversimplified our conglomerate nature XDo non tell much approximately their source or how traits interacts X SELF-FULFILLING soothsaying where ppl kick the bucket influenced by the pits and it became terrible for them to change the unenviable conduct. E. g. a child denominate shy pull up stakes necessitate to beat w two the label and the traits * Gives us ability to predict demeanor Assessing traits * using * MMPI-2 for clinical traits base on mental problems * Not possible to mould collectable to lie scales * Must be used w care in non-Western countries/ minorities cos not tumesce be in the samples used in return the running game * NEO personality farm animal (NEO-PI) base on big 5 * both spend a penny excellent reliability ( legitimate and stable scores) * some(prenominal) cede good inclemency (measure what they were designed to measure eg signs of mental disturbance) * Barnum effects tendency for mass to gestate very general or dumb characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate * descriptions can well apply to others * reliability and validity are important attributes of good psychological tests * determination personality type * grade that represents a common cluster of personality characteristics * MBTI Myers-Briggs persona Indicator * Not reliable, not valid * Ppl dont ensconce into distinguishable types but more along the introversion-extraversion continuum Describe the major process theories of personality.While each of the process theories finds different forces at written report in personality, all portray personality as a result of versed mental processes and social interactions. Psychodynamic theories 1. Sigmund Freud psychodynamic approach * focalize is on influence of unconscious forces (psychic determinism) knotty to resurrect * Personality is a office staff of 3 main themes unconscious forces, childhood experiences, gender * Not scientific, hindsight bias ( over furiousness on childhood ), unconscious mind is not that abuse and turbulent * Structure of personality Id * unconscious reservoir * contains basic motives, drives and reasonablenessive desires * pushes for present(prenominal) gratification * egotism-importance * Governed by reality principle * Decision devising parting * Mediator btw Id and reality * Superego * Governed by pietism and social standards (conscience) * An individuals view of the kind of person he or she should strive to become * psycho familiar stages * Ego defense team mechanism- largely unconscious mental strategy employed to lower the experience of conflict or foreboding * demurral I dont have a problem Rationalization- I victimise because everyone does it give socially received reasons for actions one think is socially inconceivable * answer formulation goodie goodie act in confrontation of their desire- act exactly in contrary to their unconscious desires * Displacement- kick the dog- shifty your reply from real source of excruciation to a safer individual or fair game * Regression- cry, accident things to reduce stress- regress to in front developmental stage * Sublimation- channel disconfirming to positivist eg sexual desires to creativity on art * Projection- attribute own unconscious desires/fears to others * take to assureive testing 2. Ad ler Struggle with sexual and antipathetical impulses not primary factor in personality development * simple shin overcome inferiority soupcons, develop high quality feelings in social relationships (later seen as sunburned due to overcompensation) * Outgrow childhood inferiority, become competent adult * completely born with positive motive, social involvement * states lives governed by their goals 3. Karen Horney * Freud overemphasized sexual conflicts, genus Phallus envy, and criticized his views of women * When basic worry gets out of bear, deal become neurotic (basic desires interpreted to fundamental eg need for a partner) * slipway people deal with basic anxiety * melt down towards others, against others, away from others 4. Other Neo-Freudian Theorists * veritable notions of psychic determinism and unconscious motivation * Did not go for on sex and last instinct or the indelible nature of early life experiences. Put greater emphasis on ego uses (ego defenc e,dev of ego or else of on unconsciousness) * Gave social variables an impt percentage (culture, family sort of of impulsive urges, unconscious conflicts) * extensive personality development to include aliveness (instead of only childhood) Projective testing Diagnosis via a exoneration mechanism * Ambiguous plans to analyse peoples innermost feelings, motive, conflicts, and desires * E. g. inkblot test Inkblot Technique- not quarry * E. g. Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)- indeterminate picture n tell history * newspaper publisher aggression, sexual demand, rs Humanistic eyeshot main Theoretical tenants 1) macrocosm have an innate drive for personal growth ) serviceman have free will not ascendanceled by the environment 3) Humans are conscious and rational not applyled by unconscious forces 4) Ones innate view is more important than objective reality * Abraham Maslow s needs power structure * Interested in ruddy serviceman psychology * Criticisms Not testable , Unrealistic, Method, Culture-specific * Carl Rogers Person-Centred conjecture * Believed that terra firma have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self- materialize * To achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence. * digression may exist in the midst of a persons lofty self and actual experience. This is called incongruence. Where a persons ideal self and actual experience are consistent or very similar, a state of congruence exists. * The big the discrepancies betwixt the two, the more psychological problems one experiences * reading of congruence is dependent on two-dimensional positive regard. * As we pick out to see ourselves in ways that are consistent with our self-image, we may use defence mechanisms like denial or repression in request to feel less menace by some of what we consider to be our undesirable feelings. * Evaluation * Self revolve around picture of personality, looking through the electron lens of laissez-faire(a) cult ure * But however in collectivism, self exists * Self- gaze, a cause or effect? Bullies and drug users in truth have high self esteem * dialect on positive achievements and pro-social demeanors * Fails to blot its function in a world change with evil of all kinds Social cognitive theories Social Learning * Cognitive learning which new responses are acquired after(prenominal) ceremonial others deportment and the consequences of that doings * outlook of gaining pay drives us to acquire that response * We reject or accept the function model base on consequences of their actions * bilateral determinism is the process which cognitions, behaviour and the environment inversely influence each other * Jane likes vb (cognition), spends more time playing on campus (env) and interacting w teammates (social behaviour) rewardingthis activeness will reciprocally build up your chase in vb. Locus of control stinkers theory our behaviour depends on our locus of control * Changes from situation to situation * Internal locus of control * obedient student, smart and have good grades indispensable in academic settings * immaterial locus of control * Overweight and come from a family w obesity orthogonal in restaurants. Evaluation * Overemphasize rational culture processing and overlook both emotion and unconscious processes * Strength lies in root word of solid psychological research able to come up with treatments for mental disorders that ofttimes seem to involve observational learning esp anxiety- based disorders (phobias and behaviour disorders in children) behavioral Operant and unpolluted condition ) In classical, the organism learns an railroad tie between two stimuli (the NS and UCS) in operant, the organism learns an tie-up between the behaviour and its consequences 2) In classical, the behaviour is elicited by the remark (not voluntary, like a reflex) in operant, the behaviour is emitted (under the control of the organism) * Pavlovs classical c onditioning * Chrissys sleepover case * B. F mule skinners Operant conditioning * cocksure payoff & Negative reinforcement (remove negative stimuli) strengthens response, * penalisation (give unpleasant stimuli) weakens response * Behaviour is firm by situations one is in (situationism) * muckle represent in ways to pillow slip their situations Behaviours cannot be consistent replete to be traits because situations change * Solution behaviours influenced by both person and situation (person X situation interactionism) * One situation influences people in different ways Theories to understand ourselves 1. covert personality theories a. Assumptions about personality used to simplify the task of understanding others, eg. Blondes are not smart b. may give bad predictions when one project his feelings onto others and grab hes feeling the like way c. Mindset 2. Self-narratives d. serve well ppl sense a thread of amity through their personalities over time e. redemptory self where one overcome obstacles to attend others 3. Both theories are influenced by culture psychology and Impact Personality Development1. Define personality. 2. Analyze how biological, situational and mental processes impact personality development. 3. Discuss social and cultural contributions to personality development. 4. Describe the major dispositional theories of personality. 5. Describe the major process theories of personality. 6. Evaluate the major personality theories. 7. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of commonly used personality assessment techniques, validity, reliability. Define personality. Personality Is a unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel and behave * Is shaped by biological, situational, and mental processes in a sociocultural and development context * Impacts peoples cognition, motivation and behaviour Analyze how biological, situational and mental processes impact personality development. Biological * A persons temperament result s from 4 humours (ancient theory) * Blood from heart sanguine cheerful * Choler from liver- choleric angry * Melancholer from spleen melancholy depressed * Phlegm from brain- phlegmatic sluggish Frontal lobes regulates ones basic disposition * Individual differences in temperament arise from balance of neurotransmitters * Adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pituitary gland and endocrine gland affect personality. * Kagans research on inherited basis of shyness on new borns * Excitable and inhibited infants became shy and introverted * Less excitable and bold infants became extraverted * push of nature in different directions Situational * Environment affects us through operant and classical conditioning * (1) Physical Environment It includes the influence of climatic conditions of a particular area or country on man and his living. * (2) Social Environment * The child has his birth in the society. He learns and lives there. Hence, the social environment has an important say in the person ality development of the child. * E. g. one would play with an outgoing child more than an inhibited one pushes inhibited child towards shyness * (3) Family Environment * Child comes in contact with his parents and other family member. His likes, dislikes, stereotypes about people, expectancies of security and emotional responses all are shaped in early childhood. The type of training and early childhood experiences play an important role in the development of personality. * Besides this, economic factors i. e. , economic condition of the family and the type of relations between the parents also influence the personality of the child. * (4) Cultural Environment * Individualism in westerners vs collectivism in Africa caused by environment * Striking difference in the universal trait of shyness caused by how each culture dealt with the childs success and failures. Who gets credit for good grades, gets blamed for not getting them? Childcautious, low risk taker * (5) School Environment * In the school, the teacher substitutes the parents. * The school poses new problems to be solved, new taboos to be accepted into the superego and new models for imitation and identification Mental Processes * 3 kinds of process theories * Psychodynamic/ psychoanalysis- * motivation, especially unconscious motives and the influence of past experiences on out mental health * Humanistic- consciousness and our present, subjective reality what we think is ipt now and how we think of ourselves in relation to others * Cognitive- * Influence of learning, perception and social interaction on behaviour Describe the major dispositional theories of personality. Dispositional theories suggest temperaments, traits or types (set of personality characteristics) provide consistency to individuals personality over time. Temperament * Biologically based personality dispositions * Apparent in early childhood, Establish foundation of personality & individuals approach to life * Inherited temperament m ay set the range of your response to some life situation but it does not fully determine your life experiences * Affected also by family position, experiences, and sense of self * Usually refers to dominant long standing themes eg shyness/moodiness * Role of frontal lobes in regulating ones basic disposition * Individual differences in temperament arise from balance of neurotransmitters * Influenced by learning * Heredity and environment interact with initially inherited characteristics becoming amplified * E. . one would play with an outgoing child more than an inhibited one pushes inhibited child towards shyness * E. g. observational learning Traits * Emerge from temperaments and influenced by experiences * Guides thoughts and actions under various conditions * Relatively stable * BIG 5 Traits * Openness to experience, Conscientious, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism * Has validity across cultures (but most of these studies utilized university students as respondents who ar e more influenced by European-American views * Quite accurate Labels a person but gives no explanation on why Evaluation of Trait Theories XPortrayed personality as fixed and static rather than a process that can undergo development changes depending on experiences Xoversimplified our complex nature XDo not tell much about their source or how traits interacts X SELF-FULFILLING prophecy where ppl become influenced by the labels and it became hard for them to change the undesirable behaviour. E. g. a child labelled shy will have to struggle w both the label and the traits * Gives us ability to predict behaviour Assessing traits * Using * MMPI-2 for clinical traits base on mental problems * Not possible to fake due to lie scales * Must be used w care in non-Western countries/ minorities cos not well represented in the samples used in developing the test * NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI) base on big 5 * Both have excellent reliability (consistent and stable scores) * Both have good v alidity (measure what they were designed to measure eg signs of mental disturbance) * Barnum effects tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate * descriptions can well apply to others * reliability and validity are important attributes of good psychological tests * Finding personality type * Category that represents a common cluster of personality characteristics * MBTI Myers-Briggs Type Indicator * Not reliable, not valid * Ppl dont fall into different types but more along the introversion-extraversion continuum Describe the major process theories of personality.While each of the process theories sees different forces at work in personality, all portray personality as a result of internal mental processes and social interactions. Psychodynamic theories 1. Sigmund Freud psychodynamic approach * focus is on influence of unconscious forces (psychic determinism) difficult to prove * Personality is a function of 3 ma in themes unconscious forces, childhood experiences, sex * Not scientific, hindsight bias ( overemphasis on childhood ), unconscious mind is not that malign and turbulent * Structure of personality Id * Unconscious reservoir * contains basic motives, drives and instinctive desires * pushes for immediate gratification * Ego * Governed by reality principle * Decision making component * Mediator btw Id and reality * Superego * Governed by morality and social standards (conscience) * An individuals view of the kind of person he or she should strive to become * Psychosexual stages * Ego defence mechanism- largely unconscious mental strategy employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety * Denial I dont have a problem Rationalization- I cheat because everyone does it give socially accepted reasons for actions one think is socially unacceptable * Reaction formulation goodie goodie act in opposite of their desire- act exactly in opposition to their unconscious desires * Displac ement- kick the dog- shifting your reaction from real source of distress to a safer individual or object * Regression- cry, throw things to reduce stress- regress to earlier developmental stage * Sublimation- channel negative to positive eg sexual desires to creativity on art * Projection- attribute own unconscious desires/fears to others * Led to projective testing 2. Adler Struggle with sexual and hostile impulses not primary factor in personality development * Primary struggle overcome inferiority feelings, develop superiority feelings in social relationships (later seen as unhealthy due to overcompensation) * Outgrow childhood inferiority, become competent adult * All born with positive motive, social interest * Peoples lives governed by their goals 3. Karen Horney * Freud overemphasized sexual conflicts, penis envy, and criticized his views of women * When basic anxiety gets out of control, people become neurotic (basic desires taken to extreme eg need for a partner) * Ways peo ple deal with basic anxiety * Move towards others, against others, away from others 4. Other Neo-Freudian Theorists * Accepted notions of psychic determinism and unconscious motivation * Did not agree on sex and death instinct or the indelible nature of early life experiences. Put greater emphasis on ego functions (ego defence,dev of self instead of on unconsciousness) * Gave social variables an impt role (culture, family instead of instinctive urges, unconscious conflicts) * Extended personality development to include lifespan (instead of only childhood) Projective testing Diagnosis via a defense mechanism * Ambiguous pictures to probe peoples innermost feelings, motive, conflicts, and desires * E. g. Rorschach Inkblot Technique- not objective * E. g. Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)- ambiguous picture n tell story * Theme aggression, sexual needs, rs Humanistic Perspective Main Theoretical tenants 1) Humans have an innate drive for personal growth ) Humans have free will not contro lled by the environment 3) Humans are conscious and rational not controlled by unconscious forces 4) Ones subjective view is more important than objective reality * Abraham Maslow s needs hierarchy * Interested in healthy human psychology * Criticisms Not testable, Unrealistic, Method, Culture-specific * Carl Rogers Person-Centred Theory * Believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self-actualize * To achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence. * Difference may exist between a persons ideal self and actual experience. This is called incongruence. Where a persons ideal self and actual experience are consistent or very similar, a state of congruence exists. * The larger the discrepancies between the two, the more psychological problems one experiences * Development of congruence is dependent on unconditional positive regard. * As we prefer to see ourselves in ways that are consistent with our self-image, we may use defence mechanisms like denial or repression in order to feel less threatened by some of what we consider to be our undesirable feelings. * Evaluation * Self centered picture of personality, looking through the lens of individualistic culture * But even in collectivism, self exists * Self-esteem, a cause or effect? Bullies and drug users actually have high self esteem * Emphasis on positive achievements and pro-social behaviours * Fails to recognize its function in a world filled with evil of all kinds Social Cognitive theories Social Learning * Cognitive learning which new responses are acquired after watching others behaviour and the consequences of that behaviour * Expectation of gaining reward drives us to acquire that response * We reject or accept the role model base on consequences of their actions * Reciprocal determinism is the process which cognitions, behaviour and the environment mutually influence each other * Jane likes vb (cognition), spends more time playing on campus (env) and interacting w teammates (social behaviour) rewardingthis activity will reciprocally strengthen your interest in vb. Locus of control Rotters theory our behaviour depends on our locus of control * Changes from situation to situation * Internal locus of control * Good student, smart and have good grades internal in academic settings * External locus of control * Overweight and come from a family w obesity external in restaurants. Evaluation * Overemphasize rational information processing and overlook both emotion and unconscious processes * Strength lies in foundation of solid psychological research able to come up with treatments for mental disorders that often seem to involve observational learning esp anxiety- based disorders (phobias and behaviour disorders in children) Behavioural Operant and Classical conditioning ) In classical, the organism learns an association between two stimuli (the NS and UCS) in operant, the organism learns an association between the behaviour and its consequences 2) In classical, the behaviour is elicited by the stimulus (not voluntary, like a reflex) in operant, the behaviour is emitted (under the control of the organism) * Pavlovs classical conditioning * Chrissys sleepover case * B. F Skinners Operant conditioning * Positive reinforcement & Negative reinforcement (remove negative stimuli) strengthens response, * Punishment (give unpleasant stimuli) weakens response * Behaviour is determined by situations one is in (situationism) * People behave in ways to suit their situations Behaviours cannot be consistent enough to be traits because situations change * Solution behaviours influenced by both person and situation (person X situation interactionism) * One situation influences people in different ways Theories to understand ourselves 1. Implicit personality theories a. Assumptions about personality used to simplify the task of understanding others, eg. Blondes are not smart b. May give bad predictions when one project his feelings onto oth ers and assume hes feeling the same way c. Mindset 2. Self-narratives d. Help ppl sense a thread of consistency through their personalities over time e. Redemptive self where one overcome obstacles to help others 3. Both theories are influenced by culture